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International Association of Geodesy

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International Association of Geodesy
PredecessorEuropean Arc Measurement (German: Europäische Gradmessung)
Formation1886; 139 years ago (1886)
Typescholarly society
Purposeadvancement of geodesy
HeadquartersMasala, Kirkkonummi,  Finland
Region
worldwide
Parent organization
International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics
Websitewww.iag-aig.org
Formerly called
International Geodetic Association

The International Association of Geodesy (IAG) is a constituent association of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics focusing on the science which measures and describes the Earth's shape, its rotation and gravity field.

History

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The precursors to the IAG were arc measurement campaigns. The IAG was founded in 1862 as the Mitteleuropäische Gradmessung (Central European Arc Measurement), later became the Europäische Gradmessung (European Arc Measurement) in 1867, the Internationale Erdmessung (Association Geodésique Internationale in French and "International Geodetic Association" in English) in 1886, and took its present name in 1946.[1][2]

As early as 1861, Johann Jacob Baeyer sent a memorandum to the King of Prussia recommending international collaboration in Central Europe with the aim of determining the shape and dimensions of the Earth. At the time of its creation, the association had sixteen member countries: Austrian Empire, Kingdom of Belgium, Denmark, seven German states (Grand Duchy of Baden, Kingdom of Bavaria, Kingdom of Hanover, Mecklenburg, Kingdom of Prussia, Kingdom of Saxony, Saxe-Coburg and Gotha), Kingdom of Italy, Netherlands, Russian Empire (for Poland), United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway, as well as Switzerland. The Central European Arc Measurement created a Central Office, located at the Prussian Geodetic Institute, whose management was entrusted to Johann Jacob Baeyer.[3][1]

Baeyer's goal was a new determination of anomalies in the shape of the Earth using precise triangulations, combined with gravity measurements. This involved determining the geoid by means of gravimetric and leveling measurements, in order to deduce the exact knowledge of the terrestrial spheroid while taking into account local variations. To resolve this problem, it was necessary to carefully study considerable areas of land in all directions. Baeyer developed a plan to coordinate geodetic surveys in the space between the parallels of Palermo and Freetown Christiana (Denmark) and the meridians of Bonn and Trunz (German name for Milejewo in Poland). This territory was covered by a triangle network and included more than thirty observatories or stations whose position was determined astronomically. Bayer proposed to remeasure ten arcs of meridians and a larger number of arcs of parallels, to compare the curvature of the meridian arcs on the two slopes of the Alps, in order to determine the influence of this mountain range on vertical deflection. Baeyer also planned to determine the curvature of the seas, the Mediterranean Sea and Adriatic Sea in the south, the North Sea and the Baltic Sea in the north. In his mind, the cooperation of all the States of Central Europe could open the field to scientific research of the highest interest, research that each State, taken in isolation, was not able to undertake.[4][5]

Spain and Portugal joined the European Arc Measurement in 1866. French Empire hesitated for a long time before giving in to the demands of the Association, which asked the French geodesists to take part in its work. It was only after the Franco-Prussian War, that Charles-Eugène Delaunay represented France at the Congress of Vienna in 1871. In 1874, Hervé Faye was appointed member of the Permanent Commission which was presided by Carlos Ibáñez e Ibáñez de Ibero.[6][7][8]

The International Geodetic Association gained global importance with the accession of Chile, Mexico and Japan in 1888; Argentina and United-States in 1889; and British Empire in 1898. The convention of the International Geodetic Association expired at the end of 1916. It was not renewed due to the First World War. However, the activities of the International Latitude Service were continued through an Association Géodesique réduite entre États neutres thanks to the efforts of H.G. van de Sande Bakhuyzen and Raoul Gautier (1854–1931), respectively directors of Leiden Observatory and Geneva Observatory.[2][1]

Overview

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At present there are 4 commissions and one inter-commission committee:

  • Reference Frames
  • Gravity Field
  • Geodynamics and Earth Rotation
  • Positioning & Applications
  • Inter-commission Committee on Theory

International Services

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The twelve IAG Services are split into three general topic areas: geodesy (IERS, IDS, IGS, ILRS, and IVS), gravity (IGFS, ICGEM, IDEMS, ISG, IGETS and BGI) and sea level (PSMSL).

The Global Geodetic Observing System (GGOS) is the observing arm of the IAG that focuses on proving the geodetic infrastructure to measure changes in the earth's shape, rotation and mass distribution.[9][10]

The International GNSS Service (IGS), part of GGOS, archives and processes GNSS data from around the world.[11] IGS data is used in the 2021 reference frame (G2139) of WGS84.[12]

Journal

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IAG sponsors the Journal of Geodesy, published by Springer.[13]

Awards

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The IAG's awards for outstanding achievement in geodesy include[14] the Guy Bomford Prize (inaugurated in 1975),[15] the Levallois Medal (inaugurated in 1979),[16] and the IAG Young Author's Award[17] (inaugurated in 1993).[14]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c Torge, Wolfgang (2015). "From a Regional Project to an International Organization: The "Baeyer-Helmert-Era" of the International Association of Geodesy 1862–1916". IAG 150 Years. International Association of Geodesy Symposia. Vol. 143. Springer, Cham. pp. 3–18. doi:10.1007/1345_2015_42. ISBN 978-3-319-24603-1.
  2. ^ a b Soler, T. (1997-02-01). "A profile of General Carlos Ibáñez e Ibáñez de Ibero: first president of the International Geodetic Association". Journal of Geodesy. 71 (3): 176–188. Bibcode:1997JGeod..71..176S. doi:10.1007/s001900050086. ISSN 1432-1394. S2CID 119447198.
  3. ^ Levallois, J. J. (1980-09-01). "Notice historique". Bulletin géodésique (in French). 54 (3): 248–313. Bibcode:1980BGeod..54..248L. doi:10.1007/BF02521470. ISSN 1432-1394. S2CID 198204435.
  4. ^ Zuerich, ETH-Bibliothek (1892). "Exposé historique des travaux de la commission géodésique suisse de 1862 à 1892". Bulletin de la Société des Sciences Naturelles de Neuchâtel (in French). 21: 33. doi:10.5169/seals-88335. Retrieved 2023-10-11.
  5. ^ Quinn, Terry (2019). "Wilhelm Foerster's Role in the Metre Convention of 1875 and in the Early Years of the International Committee for Weights and Measures". Annalen der Physik. 531 (5): 1800355. doi:10.1002/andp.201800355. ISSN 1521-3889.
  6. ^ Lebon, Ernest (1846–1922) Auteur du texte (1899). Histoire abrégée de l'astronomie / par Ernest Lebon,... pp. 168–171.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  7. ^ Drewes, Hermann; Kuglitsch, Franz; Adám, József; Rózsa, Szabolcs (2016). "The Geodesist's Handbook 2016". Journal of Geodesy. 90 (10): 914. Bibcode:2016JGeod..90..907D. doi:10.1007/s00190-016-0948-z. ISSN 0949-7714. S2CID 125925505.
  8. ^ "El General Ibáñez e Ibáñez de Ibero, Marqués de Mulhacén".
  9. ^ Plag, H.-P.; Pearlman, M. (2009). Global geodetic observing system meeting the requirements of a global society on a changing planet in 2020. Berlin: Springer. pp. 1–13. ISBN 978-3-642-02687-4.
  10. ^ "GGOS - Global Geodetic Observing System - About". 176.28.21.212. IUGG. Archived from the original on 4 August 2020. Retrieved 30 June 2018.
  11. ^ Johnston, Gary; Riddell, Anna; Hausler, Grant (2017). "The International GNSS Service". Springer Handbook of Global Navigation Satellite Systems. pp. 967–982. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-42928-1_33. ISBN 978-3-319-42926-7.
  12. ^ "(U) Recent Update to WGS 84 Reference Frame and NGA Transition to IGS ANTEX" (PDF). Retrieved 2023-01-15.
  13. ^ Kusche, Jurgen. "New Guidelines for Manuscript Submission to the Journal of Geodesy". IAG Homepage. IAG.
  14. ^ a b Drewes, H.; Adám, J.; Poutanen, M. (2016). "The International Association of Geodesy–Historical overview" (PDF). Journal of Geodesy. 90: 913–920. (See Tables 9, 10, & 11.)
  15. ^ "Guy Bomford Prize". Awards, IAG.
  16. ^ "Levallois Medal". Awards, IAG.
  17. ^ "IAG Young Author's Award". Awards, IAG.

General references

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