Running dog
| Running dog | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chinese | 走狗 | ||||||||
| Literal meaning | Running dog | ||||||||
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Running dog is a pejorative term for an unprincipled person who helps or flatters those who are more powerful and often evil. It is a literal translation of the Chinese pejorative 走狗 (pinyin: zǒugǒu), meaning a yes-man or lackey, and is derived from the tendency of dogs to follow after humans in hopes of receiving food scraps. Historian Yuan-tsung Chen notes that "In the West, a dog is a man's best friend; but in China, dogs are abject creatures. In Chinese, no idiomatic expression [is] more demeaning than the term 'running dogs.'"[1]
The term "imperialist running dog" (帝国主义的走狗; dìguó zhǔyì de zǒugǒu) was used by Mao Zedong to refer to allies of counterrevolutionary imperialist forces.[2] Historian Chang-tai Hung suggests the term was used to invoke negative mental imagery; "The image of ... a running dog parallels that of the United States as a wolf. Both bestial representations provide convenient and familiar symbols that political artists can target, but they also validate the use of violence since the annihilation of beasts is justified. ... [The representations of enemies as beasts such as running dogs or rats] call to mind repulsive creatures that inflict damage on the nation."[3]
In 1950, an article in The China Weekly Review gave the definition "A running-dog is a lackey, one who aids and accompanies in the hope of being treated kindly and perhaps being allowed to share in the spoils."[4]
In 1953, a Saturday Evening Post article offered a definition for tso kou ("running dog") and kou t'ui tee ("dog's hips"), saying "A 'running dog' was a person who follows obediently after the person whose dog he is, a fellow traveler; a 'dog's hips' was simply an enthusiastic running dog, who exercises his hips while running errands for his master."[5]
Historian James Reeve Pusey captures some of the power of the idiom when telling of Lu Xun's reaction to seeing people in power mistreat others with the idiom "the weak are the meat of the strong".[6] Lu's anger spilt over to the point of having a reaction even against those calling for resistance without vengeance "For the loudest of such people, he thought, were running dogs of the people-eaters, fed at least on scraps of human flesh."[6]
The phrase running dog has been in use since the Qing Dynasty, and was often used in the 20th century by communists to refer to client states of the United States and other capitalist powers. Its first recorded use in English was in Edgar Snow's 1937 reportage Red Star Over China:[citation needed]
"Vanguards of young Moslems were ... urging the overthrow of the 'Kuomintang running-dog'".[7]
In 2021 China's consul general to Rio de Janeiro, Li Yang, insulted Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau in a tweet: "Boy, your greatest achievement is to have ruined the friendly relations between China and Canada, and have turned Canada into a running dog of the U.S."[8]
The term is used as the name of a mission referencing its implied meaning in the 2004 action-adventure video game Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas.[9]
References
[edit]Citations
[edit]- ^ Chen, Yuan-tsung (2008). Return to the Middle Kingdom: One Family, Three Revolutionaries, and the Birth of Modern China. New York City, New York: Union Square Press. p. 240. ISBN 9781402756979.
- ^ Selected Works of Mao Tse-Tung, Volume 4, p. 455.
- ^ Chang-tai Hung (2011). Mao's New World: Political Culture in the Early People's Republic. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University.
- ^ "The China Weekly Review". 118. Millard Publishing House. 1950.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ "The Saturday Evening Post". 225. Curtis Publishing Company. 1953.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ a b James Reeve Pusey (1998). Lu Xun and Evolution. Albany, NY: State University of New York.
- ^ "Dog," 8f, Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd ed., 1989
- ^ "Beijing Announces More Sanctions as Academics Rally Behind Targeted Colleagues – China Digital Times (CDT)". 30 March 2021.
- ^ "List of missions in Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas".
Sources
[edit]- "running | Etymology, origin and meaning of running". www.etymonline.com. etymonline.
- "running dog". Wordsmith.org.
- Themes in the Korean War Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine