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IDH1

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IDH1
Available structures
PDBOrtholog search: PDBe RCSB
Identifiers
AliasesIDH1, HEL-216, HEL-S-26, IDCD, IDH, IDP, IDPC, PICD, isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1, cytosolic, isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1
External IDsOMIM: 147700; MGI: 96413; HomoloGene: 21195; GeneCards: IDH1; OMA:IDH1 - orthologs
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

3417

15926

Ensembl

ENSG00000138413

ENSMUSG00000025950

UniProt

O75874

O88844

RefSeq (mRNA)

NM_005896
NM_001282386
NM_001282387

NM_001111320
NM_010497

RefSeq (protein)

NP_001269315
NP_001269316
NP_005887

NP_001104790
NP_034627

Location (UCSC)Chr 2: 208.24 – 208.27 MbChr 1: 65.2 – 65.23 Mb
PubMed search[3][4]
Wikidata
View/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse

Isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (NADP+), soluble is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the IDH1 gene on chromosome 2. Isocitrate dehydrogenases catalyze the oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate to 2-oxoglutarate. These enzymes belong to two distinct subclasses, one of which uses NAD+ as the electron acceptor and the other NADP+. Five isocitrate dehydrogenases have been reported: three NAD+-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenases, which localize to the mitochondrial matrix, and two NADP+-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenases, one of which is mitochondrial and the other predominantly cytosolic. Each NADP+-dependent isozyme is a homodimer. The protein encoded by this gene is the NADP+-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase found in the cytoplasm and peroxisomes. It contains the PTS-1 peroxisomal targeting signal sequence. The presence of this enzyme in peroxisomes suggests roles in the regeneration of NADPH for intraperoxisomal reductions, such as the conversion of 2,4-dienoyl-CoAs to 3-enoyl-CoAs, as well as in peroxisomal reactions that consume 2-oxoglutarate, namely the alpha-hydroxylation of phytanic acid. The cytoplasmic enzyme serves a significant role in cytoplasmic NADPH production. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding the same protein have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2013][5]

Structure

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IDH1 is one of three isocitrate dehydrogenase isozymes, the other two being IDH2 and IDH3, and encoded by one of five isocitrate dehydrogenase genes, which are IDH1, IDH2, IDH3A, IDH3B, and IDH3G.[6]

IDH1 forms an asymmetric homodimer in the cytoplasm and carries out its function through two hydrophilic active sites formed by both protein subunits.[7][8][9][10][11] Each subunit or monomer is composed of three domains: a large domain (residues 1–103 and 286–414), a small domain (residues 104–136 and 186–285), and a clasp domain (residues 137 to 185). The large domain contains a Rossmann fold, while the small domain forms an α/β sandwich structure, and the clasp domain folds as two stacked double-stranded anti-parallel β-sheets. A β-sheet joins the large and small domains and is flanked by two clefts on opposite sides. The deep cleft, also known as the active site, is formed by the large and small domains of one subunit and a small domain of the other subunit. This active site includes the NADP-binding site and the isocitrate-metal ion-binding site. The shallow cleft, also referred to as the back cleft, is formed by both domains of one subunit and participates in the conformational changes of homodimeric IDH1. Finally, the clasp domains of both subunits intertwine to form a double layer of four-stranded anti-parallel β-sheets linking together the two subunits and the two active sites.[11]

Furthermore, conformational changes to the subunits and a conserved structure at the active site affect the activity of the enzyme. In its open, inactive form, the active site structure forms a loop while one subunit adopts an asymmetric open conformation and the other adopts a quasi-open conformation.[9][11] This conformation enables isocitrate to bind the active site, inducing a closed conformation that also activates IDH1.[9] In its closed, inactive form, the active site structure becomes an α-helix that can chelate metal ions. An intermediate, semi-open form features this active site structure as a partially unraveled α-helix.[11]

There is also a type 1 peroxisomal targeting sequence at its C-terminal that targets the protein to the peroxisome.[11]

Function

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As an isocitrate dehydrogenase, IDH1 catalyzes the reversible oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate to yield α-ketoglutarate (α-KG) as part of the TCA cycle in glucose metabolism.[6][7][8][10][11] [12]Isocitrate undergoes oxidation, a reaction that removes electrons and produces oxalosuccinate. During this step, NAD(P)+ acts as an electron acceptor, transforming into NAD(P)H by gaining these electrons. Subsequently, oxalosuccinate undergoes decarboxylation, meaning it loses a carbon dioxide molecule, resulting in the formation of α-ketoglutarate. This step also allows for the concomitant reduction of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+) to reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH).[7][8][10] Since NADPH and α-KG function in cellular detoxification processes in response to oxidative stress, IDH1 also indirectly participates in mitigating oxidative damage.[6][7][11][13] In addition, IDH1 is key to β-oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids in the peroxisomes of liver cells.[11] IDH1 also participates in the regulation of glucose-induced insulin secretion.[6] Notably, IDH1 is the primary producer of NADPH in most tissues, especially in brain.[7] Within cells, IDH1 has been observed to localize to the cytoplasm, peroxisome, and endoplasmic reticulum.[10][13]

Under hypoxic conditions, IDH1 catalyzes the reverse reaction of α-KG to isocitrate, which contributes to citrate production via glutaminolysis.[6][7] Isocitrate can also be converted into acetyl-CoA for lipid metabolism.[6]

Mutation

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IDH1 mutations are heterozygous, typically involving an amino acid substitution in the active site of the enzyme in codon 132. [14]These mutations are somatic, meaning they primarily occur in cells that can become cancerous, such as those in brain and bone tumors. [15][16] The mutation results in a loss of normal enzymatic function and the abnormal production of 2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG).[15] It has been considered to take place due to a change in the binding site of the enzyme.[17] 2-HG has been found to inhibit enzymatic function of many alpha-ketoglutarate dependent dioxygenases, including histone and DNA demethylases, causing widespread changes in histone and DNA methylation and potentially promoting tumorigenesis.[16][18]

Clinical significance

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Mutations in this gene have been shown to cause metaphyseal chondromatosis with aciduria.[19]

Mutations in IDH1 are also implicated in cancer. Originally, mutations in IDH1 were detected in an integrated genomic analysis of human glioblastoma multiforme.[20] Since then it has become clear that mutations in IDH1 and its homologue IDH2 are among the most frequent mutations in diffuse gliomas, including diffuse astrocytoma, anaplastic astrocytoma, oligodendroglioma, anaplastic oligodendroglioma, oligoastrocytoma, anaplastic oligoastrocytoma, and secondary glioblastoma.[21] Mutations in IDH1 are often the first hit in the development of diffuse gliomas, suggesting IDH1 mutations as key events in the formation of these brain tumors.[22][23][24] Glioblastomas with a wild-type IDH1 gene have a median overall survival of only 1 year, whereas IDH1-mutated glioblastoma patients have a median overall survival of over 2 years.[25] Tumors of various tissue types with IDH1/2 mutations show improved responses to radiation and chemotherapy.[26][27] The best-studied mutation in IDH1 is R132H, which has been shown to act as a tumor suppressor.[28]

In addition to being mutated in diffuse gliomas, IDH1 has also been shown to harbor mutations in human acute myeloid leukemia.[29][30]

The IDH1 mutation is considered a driver alteration and occurs early during tumorigenesis, in specific in glioma and glioblastoma multiforme, its possible use as a new tumour-specific antigen to induce antitumor immunity for the cancer treatment has recently been prompted.[31] A tumour vaccine can stimulate the body's immune system, upon exposure to a tumour-specific peptide antigen, by activation or amplification of a humoral and cytotoxic immune response targeted at the specific cancer cells.

The study of Schumacher et al. has been shown that this attractive target (the mutation in the isocitrate dehydrogenase 1) from an immunological perspective represents a potential tumour-specific neoantigen with high uniformity and penetrance and could be exploited by immunotherapy through vaccination. Accordingly, some patients with IDH1-mutated gliomas demonstrated spontaneous peripheral CD4+ T-cell responses against the mutated IDH1 region with generation B-cell producing antibodies. Vaccination of MHC-humanized transgenic mice with mutant IDH1 peptide induced an IFN-γ CD4+ T-helper 1 cell response, indicating an endogenous processing through MHC class II, and production of antibodies targeting mutant IDH1. Tumour vaccination, both prophylactic and therapeutic, resulted in growth suppression of transplanted IDH1-expressing sarcomas in MHC-humanized mice. This in vivo data shows a specific and potent immunologic response in both transplanted and existing tumours.[31]

As a drug target

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Mutated and normal forms of IDH1 had been studied for drug inhibition both in silico and in vitro.[32][33][34][35] Ivosidenib was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in July 2018, for relapsed or refractory acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with an IDH1 mutation.[36] Ivosidenib (AG-120) has exhibited potent anti-wtIDH1 properties in melanoma under low magnesium and nutrient levels, reflective of the tumor microenvironment in natura.[37] Vorasidenib was approved for medical use in the United States in August 2024.[38][39] Vorasidenib is the first approval by the FDA of a systemic therapy for people with grade 2 astrocytoma or oligodendroglioma with a susceptible isocitrate dehydrogenase-1 or isocitrate dehydrogenase-2 mutation.[38]

References

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  1. ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000138413 – Ensembl, May 2017
  2. ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000025950 – Ensembl, May 2017
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  4. ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
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  7. ^ a b c d e f Molenaar RJ, Radivoyevitch T, Maciejewski JP, van Noorden CJ, Bleeker FE (December 2014). "The driver and passenger effects of isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 and 2 mutations in oncogenesis and survival prolongation". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Reviews on Cancer. 1846 (2): 326–341. doi:10.1016/j.bbcan.2014.05.004. PMID 24880135.
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  18. ^ Wang YP, Lei QY (May 2018). "Metabolic recoding of epigenetics in cancer". Cancer Communications. 38 (1): 25. doi:10.1186/s40880-018-0302-3. PMC 5993135. PMID 29784032.
  19. ^ Vissers LE, Fano V, Martinelli D, Campos-Xavier B, Barbuti D, Cho TJ, et al. (November 2011). "Whole-exome sequencing detects somatic mutations of IDH1 in metaphyseal chondromatosis with D-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria (MC-HGA)". American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part A. 155A (11): 2609–2616. doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.34325. PMID 22025298. S2CID 33345097.
  20. ^ Parsons DW, Jones S, Zhang X, Lin JC, Leary RJ, Angenendt P, et al. (September 2008). "An integrated genomic analysis of human glioblastoma multiforme". Science. 321 (5897): 1807–1812. Bibcode:2008Sci...321.1807P. doi:10.1126/science.1164382. PMC 2820389. PMID 18772396.
  21. ^ Yan H, Parsons DW, Jin G, McLendon R, Rasheed BA, Yuan W, et al. (February 2009). "IDH1 and IDH2 mutations in gliomas". The New England Journal of Medicine. 360 (8): 765–773. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0808710. PMC 2820383. PMID 19228619.
  22. ^ Watanabe T, Nobusawa S, Kleihues P, Ohgaki H (April 2009). "IDH1 mutations are early events in the development of astrocytomas and oligodendrogliomas". The American Journal of Pathology. 174 (4): 1149–1153. doi:10.2353/ajpath.2009.080958. PMC 2671348. PMID 19246647.
  23. ^ Bleeker FE, Molenaar RJ, Leenstra S (May 2012). "Recent advances in the molecular understanding of glioblastoma". Journal of Neuro-Oncology. 108 (1): 11–27. doi:10.1007/s11060-011-0793-0. PMC 3337398. PMID 22270850.
  24. ^ Bai H, Harmancı AS, Erson-Omay EZ, Li J, Coşkun S, Simon M, et al. (January 2016). "Integrated genomic characterization of IDH1-mutant glioma malignant progression". Nature Genetics. 48 (1): 59–66. doi:10.1038/ng.3457. PMC 4829945. PMID 26618343.
  25. ^ Molenaar RJ, Verbaan D, Lamba S, Zanon C, Jeuken JW, Boots-Sprenger SH, et al. (September 2014). "The combination of IDH1 mutations and MGMT methylation status predicts survival in glioblastoma better than either IDH1 or MGMT alone". Neuro-Oncology. 16 (9): 1263–1273. doi:10.1093/neuonc/nou005. PMC 4136888. PMID 24510240.
  26. ^ Molenaar RJ, Maciejewski JP, Wilmink JW, van Noorden CJ (April 2018). "Wild-type and mutated IDH1/2 enzymes and therapy responses". Oncogene. 37 (15): 1949–1960. doi:10.1038/s41388-017-0077-z. PMC 5895605. PMID 29367755.
  27. ^ Miyata S, Tominaga K, Sakashita E, Urabe M, Onuki Y, Gomi A, et al. (July 2019). "Comprehensive Metabolomic Analysis of IDH1R132H Clinical Glioma Samples Reveals Suppression of β-oxidation Due to Carnitine Deficiency". Scientific Reports. 9 (1): 9787. Bibcode:2019NatSR...9.9787M. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-46217-5. PMC 6611790. PMID 31278288.
  28. ^ Núñez FJ, Mendez FM, Kadiyala P, Alghamri MS, Savelieff MG, Garcia-Fabiani MB, et al. (February 2019). "IDH1-R132H acts as a tumor suppressor in glioma via epigenetic up-regulation of the DNA damage response". Science Translational Medicine. 11 (479): eaaq1427. doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.aaq1427. PMC 6400220. PMID 30760578.
  29. ^ Mardis ER, Ding L, Dooling DJ, Larson DE, McLellan MD, Chen K, et al. (September 2009). "Recurring mutations found by sequencing an acute myeloid leukemia genome". The New England Journal of Medicine. 361 (11): 1058–1066. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0903840. PMC 3201812. PMID 19657110.
  30. ^ Shih AH, Abdel-Wahab O, Patel JP, Levine RL (September 2012). "The role of mutations in epigenetic regulators in myeloid malignancies". Nature Reviews. Cancer. 12 (9): 599–612. doi:10.1038/nrc3343. PMID 22898539. S2CID 20214444.
  31. ^ a b Schumacher T, Bunse L, Pusch S, Sahm F, Wiestler B, Quandt J, et al. (August 2014). "A vaccine targeting mutant IDH1 induces antitumour immunity". Nature. 512 (7514): 324–327. Bibcode:2014Natur.512..324S. doi:10.1038/nature13387. PMID 25043048. S2CID 4468160.
  32. ^ Juritz EI, Bascur JP, Almonacid DE, González-Nilo FD (June 2018). "Novel Insights for Inhibiting Mutant Heterodimer IDH1wt-R132H in Cancer: An In-Silico Approach". Molecular Diagnosis & Therapy. 22 (3): 369–380. doi:10.1007/s40291-018-0331-2. PMID 29651790. S2CID 4798363.
  33. ^ Jakob CG, Upadhyay AK, Donner PL, Nicholl E, Addo SN, Qiu W, et al. (August 2018). "Novel Modes of Inhibition of Wild-Type Isocitrate Dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1): Direct Covalent Modification of His315". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 61 (15): 6647–6657. doi:10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00305. OSTI 1471640. PMID 30004704. S2CID 51625776.
  34. ^ Xie X, Baird D, Bowen K, Capka V, Chen J, Chenail G, et al. (March 2017). "Allosteric Mutant IDH1 Inhibitors Reveal Mechanisms for IDH1 Mutant and Isoform Selectivity". Structure. 25 (3): 506–513. doi:10.1016/j.str.2016.12.017. PMID 28132785.
  35. ^ Jones S, Ahmet J, Ayton K, Ball M, Cockerill M, Fairweather E, et al. (December 2016). "Discovery and Optimization of Allosteric Inhibitors of Mutant Isocitrate Dehydrogenase 1 (R132H IDH1) Displaying Activity in Human Acute Myeloid Leukemia Cells". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 59 (24): 11120–11137. doi:10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01320. PMID 28002956.
  36. ^ "FDA approves first targeted treatment for patients with relapsed or refractory acute myeloid leukemia who have a certain genetic mutation". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (Press release). 20 July 2018. Archived from the original on 11 December 2019. Retrieved 11 January 2019.
  37. ^ Zarei M, Hajihassani O, Hue JJ, Graor HJ, Loftus AW, Rathore M, et al. (September 2022). "Wild-type IDH1 inhibition enhances chemotherapy response in melanoma". Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research. 41 (1): 283. doi:10.1186/s13046-022-02489-w. PMC 9509573. PMID 36153582.
  38. ^ a b "FDA approves vorasidenib for Grade 2 astrocytoma or oligodendroglioma with a susceptible IDH1 or IDH2 mutation". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 6 August 2024. Archived from the original on 7 August 2024. Retrieved 7 August 2024. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  39. ^ "Servier's Voranigo (vorasidenib) Tablets Receives FDA Approval as First Targeted Therapy for Grade 2 IDH-mutant Glioma" (Press release). Servier Pharmaceuticals. 6 August 2024. Archived from the original on 7 August 2024. Retrieved 7 August 2024 – via PR Newswire.

Further reading

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This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.


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