Jump to content

Freshwater snail: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
mNo edit summary
Fixed typo
Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit
Line 5: Line 5:
A '''freshwater [[snail]]''' is one kind of [[freshwater mollusc]], the other kind being freshwater clams and mussels, i.e. [[freshwater bivalves]]. Specifically a freshwater snail is a [[gastropod]] that lives in a watery non-marine ([[freshwater]]) [[habitat]]. The majority of freshwater gastropods have a [[gastropod shell|shell]], with very few exceptions. Some groups of snails that live in freshwater respire using gills, whereas other groups need to reach the surface to breathe air.
A '''freshwater [[snail]]''' is one kind of [[freshwater mollusc]], the other kind being freshwater clams and mussels, i.e. [[freshwater bivalves]]. Specifically a freshwater snail is a [[gastropod]] that lives in a watery non-marine ([[freshwater]]) [[habitat]]. The majority of freshwater gastropods have a [[gastropod shell|shell]], with very few exceptions. Some groups of snails that live in freshwater respire using gills, whereas other groups need to reach the surface to breathe air.


According to present classification efforts, there are about 4,000 species of freshwater [[gastropod]]s (3,795-3,972).<ref name="Strong 2008"/>
According to present classiAaaaafication efforts, there are about 4,000 species of freshwater [[gastropod]]s (3,795-3,972).<ref name="Strong 2008"/>


At least 33–38 independent [[Lineage (evolution)|lineages]] of gastropods have successfully colonized freshwater environments.<ref name="Strong 2011"/> It is not possible to quantify the exact number of these lineages yet, because they have yet to be clarified within the [[Cerithioidea]].<ref name="Strong 2011"/> From six to eight of these independent lineages occur in North America.<ref name="Dillon R. T.">Dillon R. T. (2006). ''Chapter 21. Freshwater Gastropoda''. pages 251-259. In: Sturm C. F., Pearce T. A. & Valdés A. (eds.) (2006). ''The Mollusks: A Guide to Their Study, Collection, and Preservation''. American Malacological Society, 445 pp. ISBN 978-1-58112-930-4.</ref>
At least 33–38 independent [[Lineage (evolution)|lineages]] of gastropods have successfully colonized freshwater environments.<ref name="Strong 2011"/> It is not possible to quantify the exact number of these lineages yet, because they have yet to be clarified within the [[Cerithioidea]].<ref name="Strong 2011"/> From six to eight of these independent lineages occur in North America.<ref name="Dillon R. T.">Dillon R. T. (2006). ''Chapter 21. Freshwater Gastropoda''. pages 251-259. In: Sturm C. F., Pearce T. A. & Valdés A. (eds.) (2006). ''The Mollusks: A Guide to Their Study, Collection, and Preservation''. American Malacological Society, 445 pp. ISBN 978-1-58112-930-4.</ref>

Revision as of 14:15, 23 September 2014

Bithynia tentaculata, a small freshwater gastropod in the family Bithyniidae
Pomacea insularum, an apple snail
Planorbella trivolvis, an air-breathing ramshorn snail

A freshwater snail is one kind of freshwater mollusc, the other kind being freshwater clams and mussels, i.e. freshwater bivalves. Specifically a freshwater snail is a gastropod that lives in a watery non-marine (freshwater) habitat. The majority of freshwater gastropods have a shell, with very few exceptions. Some groups of snails that live in freshwater respire using gills, whereas other groups need to reach the surface to breathe air.

According to present classiAaaaafication efforts, there are about 4,000 species of freshwater gastropods (3,795-3,972).[1]

At least 33–38 independent lineages of gastropods have successfully colonized freshwater environments.[2] It is not possible to quantify the exact number of these lineages yet, because they have yet to be clarified within the Cerithioidea.[2] From six to eight of these independent lineages occur in North America.[3]

Taxonomy

2005 taxonomy

The following cladogram is an overview of the main clades of gastropods based on the taxonomy of Bouchet & Rocroi (2005),[4] with families that contain freshwater species marked in boldface:[1] (Some of the highlighted families consist entirely of freshwater species, but some of them also contain, or even mainly consist of, marine species.)

† Paleozoic molluscs of uncertain systematic position

† Basal taxa that are certainly Gastropoda

Patellogastropoda

Vetigastropoda

Cocculiniformia

Neritimorpha

† Paleozoic Neritimorpha of uncertain systematic position

† Cyrtoneritimorpha

Cycloneritimorpha: Neritiliidae and Neritidae

 Caenogastropoda 
Heterobranchia

2010 taxonomy

The following cladogram is an overview of the main clades of gastropods based on the taxonomy of Bouchet & Rocroi (2005),[4] modified after Jörger et al. (2010)[5] and simplified with families that contain freshwater species marked in boldface:[1] (Marine gastropods (Siphonarioidea, Sacoglossa, Amphiboloidea, Pyramidelloidea) are not depicted within Panpulmonata for simplification. Some of these highlighted families consist entirely of freshwater species, but some of them also contain, or even mainly consist of, marine species.)

† Paleozoic molluscs of uncertain systematic position

† Basal taxa that are certainly Gastropoda

Patellogastropoda

Vetigastropoda

Cocculiniformia

Neritimorpha

† Paleozoic Neritimorpha of uncertain systematic position

† Cyrtoneritimorpha

Cycloneritimorpha: Neritiliidae and Neritidae

 Caenogastropoda 
Heterobranchia

Neritimorpha

Primitive "Prosobranch" gilled snails with a shelly operculum.

  • Neritiliidae, 5 extant freshwater species[1]
  • Neritidae, largely confined to the tropics, also the rivers of Europe, family includes the marine "nerites".[6] There are about 110 extant freshwater species.[1]

Caenogastropoda

A large group of gilled operculate snails, largely marine. In freshwater habitats there are ten major families, as well as other families of lesser importance:

Architaenioglossa
  • Ampullariidae, an exclusively freshwater family that is largely tropical and includes the large "apple snails" kept in aquaria.[6] 105-170 species.[1]
  • Viviparidae, medium to large snails, live-bearing, commonly referred to as "mystery snails". World wide except South America, and everywhere confined to fresh waters.[6] 125-150 species.[1]
Sorbeoconcha
  • Melanopsidae, family native to rivers draining to the Mediterranean, also Middle East, and some South Pacific islands.[6] About 25-50 species.[1]
  • Pachychilidae - 165-225 species.[1] native to South and Central America. Formerly included with the Pleuroceridae by many authors.
  • Paludomidae - about 100 species in south Asia, diverse in African Lakes, and Sri Lanka.[1] Formerly classified with the Pleuroceridae by some authors.
  • Pleuroceridae, abundant and diverse in eastern North America, largely high-spired snails of small to large size.[6] About 150 species.[2]
  • Semisulcospiridae, - primarily eastern Asia, Japan, also the Juga snails of northwestern North America. Formerly included with the Pleuroceridae. About 50 species.[2]
  • Thiaridae, high-spired parthenogenic snails of the tropics, includes those referred to as "trumpet snails" in aquaria.[6] About 110 species.[2]
Littorinimorpha
Clea helena, family Buccinidae.
Neogastropoda
  • Buccinidae - 8-10 freshwater species in the genus Clea,[1] native to Southeast Asia. Other Buccinidae are marine.
  • Marginellidae - 2 freshwater species in the genus Rivomarginella,[1] native to Southeast Asia. Other Marginellidae are marine.

Heterobranchia

Family Valvatidae, shells of Valvata sibirica, scale is in mm
Acochlidium fijiiensis is one of very few freshwater gastropods without a shell.
Lower Heterobranchia
Acochlidiacea
Pulmonata, Basommatophora

Basommatophorans are pulmonate or air-breathing aquatic snails, characterized by having their eyes located at the base of their tentacles, rather than at the tips, as in the true land snails Stylommatophora. The majority of basommatophorans have shells that are thin, translucent, and relatively colorless, and all five freshwater basommatophoran families lack an operculum.

  • Chilinidae, small to medium-sized snails confined to temperate and cold South America.[6] About 15 species.[1]
  • Latiidae, small limpet-like snails confined to New Zealand.[6] One[1] or three species.
  • Acroloxidae - about 40 species.[1]
  • Lymnaeidae, found worldwide, but are most numerous in temperate and northern regions.[6] These are the dextral (right-handed) pond snails. About 100 species.
  • Planorbidae, "rams horn" snails, with a worldwide distribution.[6] About 250 species.[1]
  • Physidae, left-handed (sinistral) "pouch snails", native to Europe, Asia, North America.[6] About 80 species.[1]

As human food

Several different freshwater snail species are eaten in Asian cuisine.

Archaeological investigations in Guatemala have revealed that the diet of the Maya of the Classic Period (AD 250-900) included freshwater snails.[8]

Aquarium snails

In the developed world, people encounter freshwater snails most commonly in aquaria along with tropical fish. Species available vary in different parts of the world. In the United States, commonly available species include ramshorn snails such as Planorbella duryi, apple snails such as Pomacea bridgesii, the high-spired thiarid malaysian trumpet snail Melanoides tuberculata, and several Neritina species.

Parasitology

Life cycle of two liver fluke species which have freshwater snails as intermediate hosts

Freshwater snails are widely known to be hosts in the lifecycles of a variety of human and animal parasites, particularly trematodes or "flukes". Some of these relations for prosobranch snails include Oncomelania in the family Pomatiopsidae as hosts of Schistosoma, and Bithynia, Parafossarulus and Amnicola as hosts of Opisthorchis.[9] Thiara and Semisulcospira may host Paragonimus.[9] Juga plicifera may host Nanophyetus salmincola.[10] Basommatophoran snails are even more widely infected, with many Biomphalaria (Planorbidae) serving as hosts for Schistosoma mansoni, Fasciolopsis and other parasitic groups.[9] The tiny Bulinus snails are hosts for Schistosoma haematobium.[9] Lymnaeid snails (Lymnaeidae) serve as hosts for Fasciola and the cerceriae causing swimmer's itch.[9] The term “neglected tropical diseases” applies to all snail-borne infections, including schistosomiasis, fascioliasis, fasciolopsiasis, paragonimiasis, opisthorchiasis, clonorchiasis, and angiostrongyliasis.[11]

See also

References

This article incorporates CC-BY-2.5 text from the reference[11]

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af Strong E. E., Gargominy O., Ponder W. F. & Bouchet P. (2008). "Global Diversity of Gastropods (Gastropoda; Mollusca) in Freshwater". Hydrobiologia 595: 149-166. hdl.handle.net doi:10.1007/s10750-007-9012-6.
  2. ^ a b c d e Strong E. E., Colgan D. J., Healy J. M., Lydeard C., Ponder W. F. & Glaubrecht M. (2011). "Phylogeny of the gastropod superfamily Cerithi­oidea using morphology and molecules". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 162(1): 43-89. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2010.00670.x.
  3. ^ Dillon R. T. (2006). Chapter 21. Freshwater Gastropoda. pages 251-259. In: Sturm C. F., Pearce T. A. & Valdés A. (eds.) (2006). The Mollusks: A Guide to Their Study, Collection, and Preservation. American Malacological Society, 445 pp. ISBN 978-1-58112-930-4.
  4. ^ a b Bouchet, Philippe; Rocroi, Jean-Pierre; Frýda, Jiri; Hausdorf, Bernard; Ponder, Winston; Valdés, Ángel & Warén, Anders (2005). "Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families". Malacologia. 47 (1–2). Hackenheim, Germany: ConchBooks: 1–397. ISBN 3-925919-72-4. ISSN 0076-2997.
  5. ^ Jörger K. M., Stöger I., Kano Y., Fukuda H., Knebelsberger T. & Schrödl M. (2010). "On the origin of Acochlidia and other enigmatic euthyneuran gastropods, with implications for the systematics of Heterobranchia". BMC Evolutionary Biology 10: 323. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-10-323.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Banarescu P. (1990). Zoogeography of Fresh Waters, Vol. 1, General Distribution and Dispersal of Freshwater Animals. AULA - Verlag, Weisbaden.
  7. ^ Schrödl M. & Neusser T. P. (2010). "Towards a phylogeny and evolution of Acochlidia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Opisthobranchia)". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 158: 124-154. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00544.x.
  8. ^ Template:Es icon Foias A. E. (2000). "Entre la política y economía: Resultados preliminares de las primeras temporadas del Proyecto Arqueológico Motul de San José" (PDF online publication). XIII Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Guatemala, 1999 (edited by J.P. Laporte, H. Escobedo, B. Arroyo and A.C. de Suasnávar). Museo Nacional de Arqueología y Etnología, Guatemala: 771–799. Retrieved 2009-03-01., page 777.
  9. ^ a b c d e Chandler A. C. & Read C P. (1961). Introduction to Parasitology. John Wiley and Sons, New York. 822 pp.
  10. ^ Adams A. M. (2006). Foodborne trematodes. In: Ortega I. R. (ed.) (2006). Foodborne parasites. ISBN 0-387-30068-6. page 178.
  11. ^ a b Adema C. M., Bayne C. J., Bridger J. M., Knight M., Loker E. S., Yoshino T. P. & Zhang S.-M. (2012). "Will All Scientists Working on Snails and the Diseases They Transmit Please Stand Up?". PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 6(12): e1835. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0001835.

Further reading

Retrieved from "http://en.wiki.x.io/w/index.php?title=Freshwater_snail&oldid=626766237"