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=== Main cities / Towns of FATA ===
=== Main cities / Towns of FATA ===
[[Bajaur Agency]]:
[[Bajaur Agency]]:
*[[Khar]]
*[[Paris]]
*[[Nawagai]]
*[[Nawagai]]
*[[Inayat Qilla]]
*[[Inayat Qilla]]

Revision as of 08:54, 17 January 2012

"FATA" redirects here. For the American band also commonly abbreviated FATA, see From Autumn To Ashes. For the Palestinian political party, see Fatah.
Federally Administered Tribal Areas
(Template:Lang-ps)
Flag of FATA
Flag
Coat of arms of FATA
Seal
Location of the Federally Administered Tribal Areas
Location of the Federally Administered Tribal Areas
CountryPakistan
Administrative unitFederal territory
Components7 Agencies
6 Frontier Regions
Administrative centrePeshawar
Government
 • Governor of Khyber-PakhtunkhwaSyed Masood Kausar
Area
 • Total
27,220 km2 (10,510 sq mi)
Population
 (1998)[1][2]
 • Total
3,176,331
 • Density120/km2 (300/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+5 (PST)
Websitehttp://www.fata.gov.pk/

The Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) (Template:Lang-ps) are a semi-autonomous tribal region in the northwest of Pakistan, lying between the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Balochistan, and the neighboring country of Afghanistan. The FATA comprise seven Agencies (tribal districts) and six FRs (Frontier regions). The territory is almost exclusively inhabited by Pashtun tribes which are predominantly Sunni Muslims by faith. The region is also known for its delicious red wines and green herbs.

Administrative divisions

Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA)

The Federally Administered Tribal Areas consist of two types of areas i.e. Agencies (Tribal Districts) and FRs (Frontier Regions). In the FATA, there are seven Tribal Agencies and six FRs. These are (from North to South):

Agencies are further divided into Subdivisions, and Tehsils. According to the Election Commission of Pakistan, the FATA consist of the following divisions:[3]


Agency / FR Subdivision Tehsil
Bajaur Agency Khar Khar
Utman Khel
Salarzai
Nawagai Nawagai
Mamund
Barang
Chamarkand
Mohmand Agency Lower Mohmand Yekka Ghund
Ambar
Pandyalai
Praang Ghaar
Upper Mohmand Safi / Lakaro
Khwezai / Baezai
Halimzai
Khyber Agency Jamrud Jamrud
Mulla Gori
Landi Kotal Landi Kotal
Bara Bara
Orakzai Agency Lower Orakzai Lower Orakzai
Central Orakzai
Upper Orakzai Ismailzai
Upper Orakzai
Kurram Agency Lower Kurram Lower Kurram / Sadda
Central Kurram Central Kurram
Upper Kurram Upper Kurram / Parachinar
North Waziristan Agency Mir Ali Mir Ali
Speen Wam
Shewa
Miranshah Miranshah
Datta Khel
Ghulam Khan
Razmak Razmak
Dosalli
Geriyum
Shawal
South Waziristan Agency Ladha Ladha
Makeen
Sararogha
Sarwakai Sarwakai
Tiaraza
Wana Wana
Birmal
Toi Khulla
FR Peshawar FR Peshawar FR Peshawar
FR Kohat FR Kohat FR Kohat
FR Bannu FR Bannu FR Bannu
FR Lakki Marwat FR Lakki Marwat FR Lakki Marwat
FR Tank - Jandola FR Tank - Jandola FR Tank - Jandola
FR D.I. Khan FR D.I. Khan FR D.I. Khan


Frontier Regions

Emblem of FATA
Main article: Frontier Regions

The Frontier Regions are named after their adjacent settled districts. The administration of the FR is carried out by the DCO / DC of the neighbouring named district. The overall administration of the frontier regions is carried out by the FATA Secretariat, based in Peshawar and reporting to the Governor of Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa. The six regions are:

Main cities / Towns of FATA

Bajaur Agency:

Mohmand Agency:

Khyber Agency:

Orakzai Agency:

Kurram Agency:

North Waziristan Agency:

South Waziristan Agency:

Frontier Regions:

Geography

The FATA are bordered by: Afghanistan to the west with the border marked by the Durand Line, Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa to the north and east, Punjab and Balochistan to the south.

The seven Tribal Areas lie in a north-to-south strip that is adjacent to the west side of the six Frontier Regions, which also lie in a north-to-south strip. The areas within each of those two regions are geographically arranged in a sequence from north to south.

The geographical arrangement of the seven Tribal Areas in order from north to south is: Bajaur, Mohmand, Khyber, Orakzai, Kurram, North Waziristan, South Waziristan. The geographical arrangement of the six Frontier Regions in order from north to south is: Peshawar, Kohat, Bannu, Lakki Marwat, Tank, Dera Ismail Khan.

Demographics

The total population of the FATA was estimated in 2000 to be about 3,341,070 people, or roughly 2% of Pakistan's population. Only 3.1% of the population resides in established townships.[4] It is thus the most rural administrative unit in Pakistan.

Federal type of governance of FATA and Frontier Regions

The region is controlled by the Federal government of Pakistan and on behalf of the President, the Governor of Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa (formerly NWFP) exercises the federal authority in the context of FATA.

The Constitution of Pakistan governs FATA through the same rules which were framed by the British in 1901 as Frontier Crimes Regulations (FCR). The Jurisdiction of Supreme Court and High Court of Pakistan does not extend to FATA and Provincially Administered Tribal Areas (PATA), according to Article 247 and Article 248, of existing 1973 Constitution of Pakistan. The Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa Provincial Assembly has no power in FATA, and can only exercise its powers in PATA that are part of Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa.

The mainly Pashtun tribes that inhabit the areas are semi-autonomous and until fall of the Taliban in neighbouring Afghanistan, the tribes had cordial relations with Pakistan's government.[5]

People of FATA are represented in the Parliament of Pakistan by their elected representatives both in National Assembly of Pakistan and the Senate of Pakistan. FATA has 12 members in the National Assembly and 8 members in the Senate. FATA has no representation in the Provincial Assembly of Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa and most tribesmen live happily with the fact that they are directly under Federal jurisdiction except for some elements affiliated with the Awami National Party.

Tribal political candidates do have party affiliations but can only contest elections as independents, because the Political Parties Act of Pakistan has not been extended to the FATA. However, tribesmen were given the right to vote in the 1997 general elections despite the absence of the Political Parties Act. Previously only the Tribal Elders or Maliks (called Lungi-holders) were allowed to vote in the elections, since British times.

The administrative head of each tribal agency is the Political Agent who represents the President of Pakistan and the appointed Governor of Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa.

According to a 2007 report by the New York Times, "the political agents are widely considered corrupt bureaucrats of Pakistan Civil Service."[6]

Each Tribal Agency, depending on its size, has about two to three Assistant Political Agents, about three to ten Tehsildars and a number of Naib Tehsildars with the requisite supporting staff.

The FRs differ from the agencies only in the chain of command so that each FR is headed by the DC/DCO of the adjacent settled district (DC/DCO Peshawar heads FR Peshawar and so on). Under his supervision there is one Assistant Political Agent and a number of Tehsildars and Naib Tehsildars and support staff.

Each Tribal Agency has roughly 2–3,000 Khasadars and levies force of irregulars and up to three to nine wings of the para-military Frontier Corps for maintenance of law and order in the Agency and borders security. The Frontier Corps Force is headed by Pakistan's regular army officers and its soldiers are recruited mostly from the Pashtun tribes.

According to a 2009 BBC survey, categorized as "grossly exaggerated" by the Pakistan Army which was fighting the militants there, the Taliban were present in all FATA agencies, and in full control of Waziristan, Orakzai and Bajaur.[7]

The situation has, however, improved after successive military operations carried out by Pakistan Army in Bajaur, Swat, Waziristan, Orakzai and Mohmand.

Women and voting

All of the FATA's adults were legally allowed to vote in the Majlis-e-Shoora of Pakistan under the "adult franchise" granted in 1996.[8] Stephen Tierney, in Accommodating National Identity, reported that women came out to do so in the thousands for the 1997 office, possibly motivated by competition for voter numbers among the tribes.[9] However, Ian Talbot in Pakistan, a Modern History states that elders and religious leaders attempted to prevent female participation by threatening punishment against tribesmen whose women registered, leading to under-registration in the female population.[10] In 2008, the Taliban ordered women in the FATA regions of Bajaur, Kurram and Mohmand not to vote under threat of "serious punishment," while Mangal Bagh, chief of the Lashkar-e-Islam, forbade women to vote in the Jamrud and Bara subdivisions of the Khyber Agency.[11]

History

Historical populations
Census Population Urban
1951 1,332,005 -
1961 1,847,195 1.33%
1972 2,491,230 0.53%
1981 2,198,547 -
1998 3,176,331 2.69%
See also: War in North-West Pakistan

The region was annexed in the 19th century during the British colonial period, and though the British never succeeded in completely calming unrest in the region,[12] it afforded them some protection from Afghanistan.[13] The British Raj attempted to control the population of the annexed tribal regions with the Frontier Crimes Regulations (FCR), which allowed considerable power to govern to local nobles so long as these nobles were willing to meet the needs of the British.[13][14][15] Due to the unchecked discretionary power placed into the hands of the jirga put into place by these nobles and to the human rights violations that ensued, the FCR has come to be known as the "black law."[16] The annexed areas continued under the same governance after the Partition of India, through the Dominion of Pakistan in 1946 and into the Islamic Republic of Pakistan in 1956.[17]

According to the United States Institute of Peace, the character of the region underwent a shift beginning in the 1980s with the entry into the region of the Mujahideen and CIA Operation Cyclone, against the Soviet Union prior to the fall of the Berlin Wall and collapse of Soviet Union.[8]

Voting and parliamentary representation

In 1996, the government of Pakistan finally granted the FATA the long requested "adult franchise", under which every adult would have the right to vote for their own representatives in the Majlis-e-Shoora.[8][9] However, the FATA were not allowed to organize political parties.[9] Islamist candidates were able to campaign through mosques and madrassahs, as a result of which mullahs were elected to represent the FATA in the National Assembly in 1997 and 2002.[8] This was a departure from prior tribal politics, where power was focused in the hands of secular authorities, Maliks.[8]

Rise of the Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan

In 2001, the Pakistani Taliban and al-Qaeda began entering into the region.[8] In 2003, Taliban and al-Qaeda forces sheltered in the FATA began crossing the border into Afghanistan, attacking military and police.[18] Shkin, Afghanistan is a key location for these frequent battles. This heavily fortified military base has housed mostly American special operations forces since 2002 and is located just six kilometers from the Pakistani border. It is considered the most dangerous location in Afghanistan.[19][20] With the encouragement of the United States, 80,000 Pakistani troops entered the FATA in March 2004 to search for al-Qaeda operatives. They were met with fierce resistance from Pakistani Taliban.[18] It was not the elders, but the Pakistani Taliban who negotiated a truce with the army, an indication of the extent to which the Pakistani Taliban had taken control.[18] Troops entered the region, into South Waziristan and North Waziristan eight more times between 2004 and 2006 and faced further Pakistani Taliban resistance. Peace accords entered into in 2004 and 2006 set terms whereby the tribesmen in the area would stop attacking Afghanistan and the Pakistanis would halt major military actions against the FATA, release all prisoners, and permit tribesmen to carry small guns.[18] In 2007 the Pakistani Taliban in FATA became officially known under the name Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan.

Pakistan’s new Waziristan strategy

On June 4, 2007, the National Security Council of Pakistan met to decide the fate of Waziristan and take up a number of political and administrative decisions to control "Talibanization" of the area. The meeting was chaired by President Pervez Musharraf and it was attended by the Chief Ministers and Governors of all four provinces. They discussed the deteriorating law and order situation and the threat posed to state security. To crush the armed militancy in the Tribal regions and Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, the government decided to intensify and reinforce law enforcement and military activity, take action against certain madrassahs, and jam illegal FM radio stations.[21]

Economy

Main article: Economy of the Federally Administered Tribal Areas
District map of Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa and FATA.

FATA is the most impoverished part of the nation. Despite being home to 2.4% of Pakistan's population, it makes up only 1.5% of Pakistan's economy.[22] With a per capita income of only $663 in 2010[22] only 34% of households managed to rise above the poverty level.[23]

Due to the FATA's tribal organization, the economy is chiefly pastoral, with some agriculture practiced in the region's few fertile valleys. Its total irrigated land is roughly 1,000 square kilometres. The country does not have a system of banks.[6] The region is a major center for opium trafficking, as well the smuggling of other contraband.[6]

Foreign aid to the region is a difficult proposition, according to Craig Cohen, an analyst at the Center for Strategic and International Studies in Washington, D.C. Because security is difficult, local nongovernmental organizations are required to distribute aid, but there is a lack of trust amongst NGOs and other powers that hampers distribution. Pakistani NGOs are often targets of violent attacks by Islamist militants in the FATA. Because of the extensive hostility to any hint of foreign influence, the American branch of Save the Children was distributing funding anonymously in the region as of July 2007.[6]

Mining

The FATA contain proved commercially viable reserves of marble, copper, limestone and coal. However, in the current socio-political conditions, there is no chance of their exploitation in a profitable manner.[citation needed]

Industrialization

Industrialization of the FATA is another route or remedy proposed for rapidly breaking up tribal barriers and promoting integration.[citation needed] The process of industrialization through a policy of public/private partnership would not only provide employment opportunities and economic benefits but also assist in bringing the youth of the tribal area on par with those of developed cities in the rest of the country.

Reconstruction Opportunity Zones (ROZs)

The concept of setting up ROZs in FATA and Afghanistan is an element in the United States Government's counter-terrorism and regional economic integration strategies.

Irrigation projects

Water is scarce in the FATA. When the British forces occupied Malakand they started work on the Amandara headworks to divert the Swat River through a tunnel to irrigate the plains of Mardan and Charsadda. The aim was not to get more wheat or sugarcane, but to ‘tame the wild tribes’.[citation needed]

Literacy Map Tribal Areas, Source:[24]

The FATA does not have a university, but seats are reserved for FATA students in Pakistani universities. There is no concrete plan to establish a full-fledged university within FATA.

The FATA's literacy rate is 22%,[24] which is well below the nation-wide rate of 56%.[22] 35.8%[24] of men, and only 7.5%[24] of women receive education, compared to a nation-wide 44%[22] of women.

Agency Literacy rate 2007[24]
Male Female Total
Khyber 57.2% 10.1% 34.2%
Kurram 37.9% 14.4% 26.5%
South Waziristan 32.3% 4.3% 20%
Orakzai 29.5% 3.4% 17%
Mohmand 28.5% 3.5% 16.6%
Bajour 27.9% 3.1% 16.5%
North Waziristan (1998)[25] 26.77% 1.47% 15.88%

Health

There is one hospital bed for every 2,179 people in the FATA, compared to one in 1,341 in Pakistan as a whole. There is one doctor for every 7,670[26] people compared to one doctor per 1,226 people in Pakistan as a whole. 43% of FATA citizens have access to clean drinking water.[27] Much of the population is suspicious about modern medicine, and some militant groups are openly hostile to vaccinations.

In June 2007, a Pakistani Doctor was blown up in his car "after trying to counter the anti-vaccine propaganda of an imam in Bajaur", Pakistani officials told the New York Times.[6]

See also

Template:Satop

References

  1. ^ "Area, Population, Density and Urban/Rural Proportion by Administrative Units". Population Census Organization, Government of Pakistan. Retrieved 2010-04-11.
  2. ^ "Population". FATA Secretariat. Retrieved 2010-04-11. [dead link‍]
  3. ^ http://www.ecp.gov.pk/docs/FATA.pdf 'Election Commission of Pakistan'
  4. ^ [1]
  5. ^ The Truth About Talibanistan – TIME
  6. ^ a b c d e [2] Perlez, Jane, "Aid to Pakistan in Tribal Areas Raises Concerns", July 16, 2007, accessed November 9, 2007
  7. ^ "Pakistan conflict map" (Document). BBC. 2009-05-13. {{cite document}}: Unknown parameter |accessdate= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |url= ignored (help)
  8. ^ a b c d e f Fair, C. Christine (December 2006). "Troubles on the Pakistan-Afghanistan Border". United States Institute of Peace. Retrieved 2009-05-19. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help) [dead link‍]
  9. ^ a b c Tierney, 206.
  10. ^ Talbot, Ian (1998). Pakistan, a modern history (revised ed.). Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 2–3. ISBN 0312216068.
  11. ^ "Poll doors closed on a third of FATA women". Indiainfo.com. Press Trust of India. Sunday, February 17, 2008. Retrieved 2009-05-19. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  12. ^ Rabasa, Angel (2007). Ungoverned territories: understanding and reducing terrorism risks. RAND. p. 49. ISBN 0833041525. The British annexed the area during the nineteenth century but never fully pacified the area. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help); line feed character in |quote= at position 75 (help)
  13. ^ a b Bjørgo, Tore (2009). Leaving Terrorism Behind: Individual and Collective Disengagement. Taylor & Francis. p. 227. ISBN 0203884752. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  14. ^ "Analysis: Pakistan's tribal frontiers". BBC. Friday, 14 December 2001. Retrieved 2009-05-19. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  15. ^ Ali, Shaheen Sardar (2001). Indigenous peoples and ethnic minorities of Pakistan: constitutional and legal perspectives. Routledge. p. 52. ISBN 0700711597. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  16. ^ Ali et al., 52–53.
  17. ^ Tierney, Stephen (2000). Accommodating national identity: new approaches in international and domestic law (21 ed.). Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. pp. 190–191. ISBN 9041114009.
  18. ^ a b c d Crews, Robert D. (2008). The Taliban and the crisis of Afghanistan. Harvard University Press. p. 231. ISBN 067402690X. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  19. ^ http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/facility/fb_shkin.htm
  20. ^ http://books.google.com/books?id=_6f_3DobpdwC&pg=PA110&lpg=PA110&dq=shkin,+afghanistan,+most+dangerous&source=bl&ots=WOCr6_wvfZ&sig=tSVVTvPLsdcofhuAN2WE-4xOKag&hl=en&ei=GuxHSvr5HJ-ytweAtsTYBg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2
  21. ^ Khan, Ismail (2007). "Plan ready to curb militancy in Fata, settled areas". Newsweek international edition. Dawn.com. Archived from the original on 2007-07-11. Retrieved 2007-06-27.
  22. ^ a b c d http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/news/pakistan/19-economics-and-extremism-hh-04 Cite error: The named reference "dawn.com" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  23. ^ Markey, Daniel S. (2008). Securing Pakistan's Tribal Belt. Council on Foreign Relations. p. 5. ISBN 0876094140.
  24. ^ a b c d e http://fata.gov.pk/files/MICS.pdf
  25. ^ http://www.khyberpakhtunkhwa.gov.pk/Departments/BOS/fatadevstat-educa-tab-74.php
  26. ^ http://up.wiki.x.io/wikipedia/commons/3/37/Pakistan_Smart_Book_v1.pdf
  27. ^ FATA [ Federally Administered Tribal Area ]
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