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The Lodge Bill of 1890, also referred to as the Federal Elections Bill or by critics as the Lodge Force Bill, was a proposed bill to ensure the security of elections for U.S. Representatives.

It was drafted and proposed by Representative Henry Cabot Lodge of Massachusetts and sponsored in the Senate by George Frisbie Hoar with the endorsement of President Benjamin Harrison and all Republicans. The bill provided for the federal regulation of elections to the United States House of Representatives, which had heretofore been regulated by state governments. In particular, the bill would have permitted federal circuit courts (upon a petition by 500 citizens from any district) to appoint federal supervisors for congressional elections. Supervisors would have the power to attend elections, inspect registration lists, verify doubtful voter information, administer oaths to challenged voters, stop illegal immigrants from voting, and certify the vote count.[1] Perhaps most controversially, the supervisor would have the power to request Deputy United States Marshals to secure elections by force if deemed necessary.

The bill was created primarily to enforce the ability of blacks, predominantly Republican at the time, to vote in the Southern United States, as provided for in the constitution. The Fifteenth Amendment already formally guaranteed that right, but white southern Democrats had passed laws related to voter registration and electoral requirements, such as requiring payment of poll taxes and literacy tests (often waived if the prospective voter's grandfather had been a registered voter, the "grandfather clause"), that effectively prevented blacks from voting. That year Mississippi passed a new constitution that disfranchised most blacks, and other states would soon follow the "Mississippi plan".

After passing the House by just six votes,[2] the Lodge bill was successfully filibustered by Democrats in the Senate, with little action by the President of the Senate, Vice President Levi P. Morton, because Silver Republicans in the West traded it away for Southern support of the Sherman Silver Purchase Act and Northern Republicans traded it away for Southern support of the McKinley Tariff.[3][4]

Background

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The First Vote, illustration by A.R. Waud, Harper’s Weekly, November 16, 1867

The 15th Amendment to the US Constitution states: “The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude”[5] Its purpose was to acknowledge African American men’s voting rights.[6] After the passage of the 15th Amendment in 1870, African Americans were subjected to voting restrictions in certain states. Disenfranchisement of African Americans came in various forms, such as poll taxes, literacy tests, white primaries, and grandfather clauses.

Support

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Julius Caesar Chappelle (1852–1904) was among the earliest black Republican legislators in the northern United States, representing Boston and serving from 1883–1886. In 1890, Chappelle gave a political speech for the right of blacks to vote at an "enthusiastic" meeting at Boston's Faneuil Hall to support the federal elections bill. He was featured in a front page article in The New York Age newspaper covering his support of the Lodge bill.[7]

Aftermath

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The Republican Party's commitment to African-American rights had already been declining since Reconstruction ended in 1877, and the 1890 Lodge Bill proved to be the last relic of the Republican commitment to civil rights.[8] The NAACP wrote to Lodge in 1919 to ask him to again draft a voting rights bill, but Lodge never responded, as Lodge and other Republicans were more focused on women's suffrage, World War I and the Spanish flu epidemic.[9] By 1919, and even more so by the following decade, the Republican Party had changed so much that they were actually usually to the right of the Democratic Party on economic issues; Lodge himself was known as one of the most conservative Republicans in the Senate, the leading opponent to the League of Nations, and one of the nation's leading nativists.[10]

The Lodge Bill was a precursor of the various Civil Rights legislation that followed. The bill's failure led to an increase in voter suppression until Congress passed the Voting Rights Act of 1965, which was signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson.

The Voting Rights Act outlawed the discriminatory voting practices adopted in many southern states after the Civil War, including literacy tests.[11] It stated that "jurisdictions covered by these special provisions could not implement any change affecting voting until the Attorney General or the United States District Court for the District of Columbia determined that the change did not have a discriminatory purpose and would not have a discriminatory effect. In addition, the Attorney General could designate a county covered by these special provisions for the appointment of a federal examiner to review the qualifications of persons who wanted to register to vote. Further, in those counties where a federal examiner was serving, the Attorney General could request that federal observers monitor activities within the county's polling place.[12]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Keyssar, Alexander (2000). The Right To Vote: The Contested History Of Democracy In The United States. Basic Books. p. 86. ISBN 978-0-465-02968-6.
  2. ^ "Black Americans in Congress: The Negroes' Temporary Farewell". Office of the Historian, House of Representatives. Retrieved May 9, 2017.
  3. ^ Hacker, Louis Morton; Kendrick, Benjamin Burks; Bahler, Helene Sara (1949). The United States Since 1865. Appleton-Century-Crofts. p. 74. OCLC 1153446414.
  4. ^ Hazard, Wendy (2004). "Thomas Brackett Reed, Civil Rights, and the Fight for Fair Elections". Maine History. 42 (1): 2.
  5. ^ "Constitution of the United States, Fifteenth Amendment". Congress.gov. Retrieved 6 May 2020.
  6. ^ "Suffrage in America: The 15th and 19th Amendments". National Park Service (nps.gov). USA.gov. Retrieved 6 May 2020.
  7. ^ "At the Cradle of Liberty: Enthusiastic Endorsement of the Elections Bill," The New York Age, front page, Saturday, August 9, 1890.
  8. ^ https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/compromise-1890 [bare URL]
  9. ^ Schneider, Mark R. (2019). "White Into Black: Boston's NAACP, 1909-1920". Boston Confronts Jim Crow, 1890-1920. Northeastern University Press. pp. 133–159. ISBN 978-1-55553-884-2. Project MUSE chapter 2435957.
  10. ^ Gratton, Brian (January 2018). "Race or Politics? Henry Cabot Lodge and the Origins of the Immigration Restriction Movement in the United States". Journal of Policy History. 30 (1): 128–157. doi:10.1017/S0898030617000410.
  11. ^ "Our Documents - Voting Rights Act (1965)". www.ourdocuments.gov. Retrieved 2020-04-09.
  12. ^ "History Of Federal Voting Rights Laws". www.justice.gov. 2015-08-06. Retrieved 2020-04-09.
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