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2023 Estonian parliamentary election

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2023 Estonian parliamentary election
← 2019 5 March 2023 Next →
All 101 seats in the Riigikogu
51 seats needed for a majority
Opinion polls
Turnout63.53% (Decrease 0.14% pp)
  First party Second party Third party
 
Leader Kaja Kallas Martin Helme Jüri Ratas
Party Reform EKRE Centre
Last election 28.93%, 34 seats 17.76%, 19 seats 23.10%, 26 seats
Seats won 37 17 16
Seat change Increase 3 Decrease 2 Decrease 10
Popular vote 190,659 97,959 93,243
Percentage 31.24% 16.05% 15.28%
Swing Increase 2.31 pp Decrease 1.71 pp Decrease 7.28 pp
  Fourth party Fifth party Sixth party
 
Leader Lauri Hussar Lauri Läänemets Helir-Valdor Seeder
Party E200 SDE Isamaa
Last election 4.36%, 0 seats 9.83%, 10 seats 11.44%, 12 seats
Seats won 14 9 8
Seat change Increase 14 Decrease 1 Decrease 4
Popular vote 81,347 56,578 50,114
Percentage 13.33% 9.27% 8.21%
Swing Increase 8.97 pp Decrease 0.56 pp Decrease 3.23 pp
Distribution of seats and the most voted-for party by constituency
Prime Minister before election

Kaja Kallas
Reform

Prime Minister after election

Kaja Kallas
Reform

Parliamentary elections were held in Estonia on 5 March 2023 to elect all 101 members of the Riigikogu. The officially published election data indicate the victory of the Reform Party, which won 37 seats in total, while the Conservative People's Party of Estonia (EKRE) placed second with 17 seats. The Centre Party won 16 seats, a loss of 10, while Estonia 200 won 14 seats, gaining representation in the Riigikogu.

After the previous parliamentary election in 2019, the Centre Party, led by Jüri Ratas, formed a government with Ratas serving as prime minister. His government was brought down in January 2021 after a corruption investigation, and Kaja Kallas of the Reform Party formed a coalition government with the Centre Party, which collapsed in June 2022. Kallas then formed a government with Isamaa and the Social Democratic Party and remained in the position of prime minister.

In January 2023, the National Electoral Committee announced that nine political parties and ten individual candidates had registered to take part in the 2023 parliamentary election. During the campaign period, issues discussed most extensively regarded the Estonian economy, and the country's national defence and security due to the current Russian invasion of Ukraine. Individuals from contesting political parties also participated in multiple organised debates in January and February 2023. Voting at foreign embassies for Estonians outside the country took place from 18 to 23 February, while Estonian residents could vote during the pre-election period from 27 February to 4 March.

These were the first national elections where more than half of the votes were cast electronically over the Internet. Following the election, EKRE submitted an appeal to the Supreme Court of Estonia, requesting that the results be annulled and claiming that "anomalies and technical errors in the e-voting process had been observed", though the appeal was later dismissed. Reform successfully negotiated afterward with the Social Democratic Party and Estonia 200, forming a government headed by Kallas in April.

Background

[edit]

The previous parliamentary election, which was held in March 2019, saw the loss of the absolute majority held by Jüri Ratas's first cabinet in the Riigikogu, the unicameral parliament of Estonia. Ratas's Centre Party, Isamaa, and Social Democratic Party (SDE) all suffered a setback in favour of the Reform Party, led by Kallas, and the EKRE.[1] Kersti Kaljulaid, then-president of Estonia, gave a mandate to Kallas to form a government after the election.[2] The Reform Party negotiated with the Centre Party, Isamaa, and SDE but ultimately failed to form a government.[3][4][5] After the vote in April 2019, Ratas received the mandate and successfully formed a government with Isamaa and EKRE.[6] Jüri Ratas's second cabinet was sworn in on 29 April 2019.[7][8]

In January 2021, the Centre Party-led government collapsed after a corruption investigation in which the Centre Party was accused of requesting financial support of up to €1 million within a year in return of the €39 million loan to Hillar Teder's real estate development in Tallinn.[9] In response, Ratas resigned as prime minister of Estonia, while Kallas was invited to form a government.[10] She struck a deal with the Centre Party, with Kallas now serving as prime minister.[11] In June 2022, however, the coalition government between the Centre and Reform Party collapsed due to the Centre Party's opposition to a law on education.[12] This occurred during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine; the Centre Party was seen as close to Russians in Estonia.[12] In response, Kallas opened Triple Alliance negotiations with Isamaa and SDE, successfully forming Kaja Kallas's second cabinet on 15 July 2022.[13][14]

Electoral system

[edit]
See also: Politics of Estonia

The Riigikogu is made up of 101 seats and its representatives are elected by open list proportional representation in twelve multi-member constituencies.[15] First, seats are to be filled in 12 constituencies of 5 to 16 seats depending on their population, and the remaining seats, known as "compensation seats", are allocated using the d'Hondt method to all parties that exceeded the 5% electoral threshold, to bring the results in terms of seats as close as possible to those of the vote of the population.[16][17] In 2023, 75 seats were filled in the constituencies and the remaining 26 were allocated using the d'Hondt method. Voters have the possibility of casting a preferential vote for one of the candidates on the list for which they are voting.[16][17] If a candidate collects more preferential votes than the amount of the simple quotient in his constituency, they are declared elected even if the list for which they are candidate for fails to cross the 5% electoral threshold.[16][17]

In November 2022, Alar Karis, the president of Estonia, signed the election decree, setting the date for 5 March 2023.[18] Estonian citizens who are at least 18 years old, are registered in the voting list, have not been declared incapacitated or convicted of a crime by a court, or are serving a prison sentence have the right to vote.[19][20] In foreign embassies abroad, voting took place from 18 to 23 February 2023, while to vote by mail in foreign countries, the voter had to submit a written request to the foreign mission by 3 February 2023.[19][21] Advance voting in Estonia took place from 27 February to 4 March, meaning that a voter could vote outside the electoral district of their residence and electronically.[19][21] Unlike in previous elections, on 5 March voters were able to vote in any precinct within the constituency, while voters who had voted electronically during the advance voting were able to vote on a paper ballot, although their electronic vote would be cancelled.[19][21] Citizens who were not able to go to the polling stations or to vote electronically could order a ballot box at home and vote between 3 and 5 March 2023.[19][21] Around eighty foreign observers monitored the election.[22]

Seats by electoral district

[edit]
Map # Electoral district Seats
1 Haabersti, Põhja-Tallinn and Kristiine districts in Tallinn 10
2 Kesklinn, Lasnamäe and Pirita districts in Tallinn 13
3 Mustamäe and Nõmme districts in Tallinn 8
4 Harju (excluding Tallinn) and Rapla counties 16
5 Hiiu, Lääne and Saare counties 6
6 Lääne-Viru county 5
7 Ida-Viru county 6
8 Järva and Viljandi counties 7
9 Jõgeva and Tartu counties (excluding Tartu) 7
10 City of Tartu 8
11 Võru, Valga and Põlva counties 8
12 Pärnu county 7
Source: Eesti Rahvusringhääling[23]


Pre-election composition

[edit]
9
23
34
11
1
19
4
Party Seats
Estonian Reform Party 34
Estonian Centre Party 23
Conservative People's Party of Estonia 19
Isamaa 11
Social Democratic Party 9
Parempoolsed 1
Independents 4
Source: Riigikogu[24]

Contesting parties

[edit]
See also: List of political parties in Estonia

The Estonian National Electoral Committee announced that nine political parties and ten individual candidates registered to take part in the 2023 parliamentary election. Their registration numbers and order were determined by a draw of lots.[25][26][27]

# Name Ideology Political position Leader Total candidates 2019 result
Votes (%) Seats
1
 Parempoolsed Fiscal conservatism Centre-right Lavly Perling 125
"ARMADURA Z29 HELMET ARMOR Z29" by OSCAR CREATIVO

did not exist
2
 Greens Green politics Centre-left Johanna Maria Tõugu 58 1.8%
0 / 101
3
 Isamaa National conservatism Centre-right to
right-wing 		Helir-Valdor Seeder 125 11.4%
12 / 101
4
 Social Democratic Party Social democracy Centre-left Lauri Läänemets 125 9.8%
10 / 101
5
 Conservative People's Party Right-wing populism Right-wing to
far-right 		Martin Helme 125 17.8%
19 / 101
6
 Estonia 200 Liberalism Centre Lauri Hussar 125 4.4%
0 / 101
7
 Reform Party Classical liberalism Centre-right Kaja Kallas 125 28.9%
34 / 101
8
 Centre Party Social liberalism Centre-left Jüri Ratas 125 23.1%
26 / 101
9
 United Left Party[a] Russian minority politics[29][30] Left-wing Igor Rosenfeld 25 0.1%
0 / 101
—
 Individual candidates — 10 0.3%
0 / 101

Party manifestos and slogans

[edit]
Party Manifesto (external link) Other slogan(s)
Parempoolsed Voice of reason (Estonian: Mõistuse hääl)
Greens Green energy, smart development (Estonian: Roheline energia, tark areng)
Isamaa There is only one fatherland! (Estonian: On vaid üks isamaa!)
Social Democratic Party Self-sufficiency is security! (Estonian: Toimetulek on julgeolek!)
Conservative People's Party Let's save Estonia! (Estonian: Päästame Eesti!)
Estonia 200 It's possible with us (Estonian: Meiega on võimalik)
Reform Party Estonia in safe hands (Estonian: Kindlates kätes Eesti)
Centre Party Bravely for the people! (Estonian: Julgelt inimeste heaks!) We are on your side! (Russian: Мы за вас!)
United Left Party[b] Together for peace (Estonian: Koos rahul nimel)

Campaign

[edit]

Issues

[edit]

The Eesti Rahvusringhääling and NPR commented that the issues that were discussed during the campaign period were the cost of living crisis, especially regarding rising prices and inflation, as well as issues regarding security and national defence due to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.[31][32] Eesti Rahvusringhääling also asserted that the programmes of the contesting parties were largely influenced by the current war in Ukraine.[33] Ellu Saar, a sociology professor, and Triin Lauri, an associate professor at Tallinn University, said that in the programmes of EKRE and Isamaa stated their support to protect the Estonian language in higher education, while Estonia 200 and SDE mention united schools where native Estonian-speaking and Russian-speaking students would study together.[34]

Saar and Lauri commented that the Centre Party had a vague opinion regarding the issue of education.[34] The Estonian Greens and SDE also mentioned school culture, quality of management, reducing path dependence as issues they would tackle.[34] The Reform Party also stated its support for introducing national defence classes in schools, while Isamaa said that there should be more investments in national defence.[35] The Centre Party called for higher salaries for those who work to contribute to the national defence, SDE suggested to implement a new tax regarding defence spending, while EKRE said that militarised border guards should be brought back.[35] Anne Raiste of Eesti Rahvusringhääling said that the contesting parties all shared similar positions regarding foreign policy and that they pledged to implement forms of direct democracy or a more efficient representative democracy.[36][37] In regards to the 2022–2023 Ukrainian refugee crisis, EKRE and Isamaa pledged to not accept any new refugees,[38][39] while the Reform Party stated that it would continue accepting new Ukrainian refugees.[40] Euronews said that EKRE's support in opinion polls had fallen due to alleged links with Russia.[39]

Regarding the economy, Raiste said that the contesting parties had pledged to raise pensions to €1,000 or more.[41] The Centre Party stated its support for the introduction of progressive taxation, while SDE and the Greens had adopted similar positions.[42] On the other hand, Reform stated that it would balance the budget, while EKRE called for reduction of taxes.[42] Estonia 200 said that labour taxes should be lowered, while Parempoolsed promised to not introduce any new taxes.[42] Scholars Liili Abuladze and Luule Sakkeus stated that EKRE and Isamaa put their family policy focuses on families with many children and that the needs of those most vulnerable are hardly addressed.[43] EKRE stated its opposition to transition to sustainable energy to lower energy bills, while the Reform Party pledged to adopt sustainable energy.[38][40] EKRE also criticised Kallas's Reform Party due to the growing inflation.[44] The Centre Party campaigned on infrastructure investments and affordable housing.[45]

Debates

[edit]
2023 Estonian parliamentary election debates
Date Organisers     P  Present    N  Non-invitee 
Reform EKRE Centre E200 SDE Isamaa EER Parempoolsed Refs
1 March Eesti Televisioon P
Kaja Kallas 		P
Martin Helme 		P
Jüri Ratas 		P
Lauri Hussar 		P
Lauri Läänemets 		P
Helir-Valdor Seeder 		N P
Lavly Perling 		[46]
27 Feb Postimees P
Urmas Klaas 		P
Jaak Valge 		P
Jaan Toots 		P
Kristina Kallas 		P
Krista Aru 		P
Tõnis Lukas 		P
Johanna Maria Tõugu 		P
Elmo Somelar 		[47]
23 Feb Postimees P
Jürgen Ligi 		P
Jaak Madison 		P
Jaak Aab 		P
Ando Kiviberg 		P
Lauri Läänemets 		P
Helir-Valdor Seeder 		N P
Priit Põllumäe 		[48]
23 Feb Lääne Elu P
Kalle Laanet 		P
Helle-Moonika Helme 		P
Janek Mäggi 		P
Kalev Stoicescu 		P
Madis Kallas 		P
Mikk Lõhmus 		P
Marko Kaasik 		P
Kristjan Vanaselja 		[49]
22 Feb Vikerraadio N N P
Jüri Ratas 		P
Lauri Hussar 		N N N N [50]
22 Feb Eesti Televisioon P
Kristen Michal 		P
Rain Epler 		P
Taavi Aas 		P
Marek Reinaas 		P
Riina Sikkut 		P
Priit Sibul 		N P
Siim Kiisler 		[51]
21 Feb Vikerraadio N N N N P
Lauri Läänemets 		P
Helir-Valdor Seeder 		N P
Lavly Perling 		[52]
20 Feb Postimees P
Yoko Alender 		P
Rain Epler 		P
Ismail Mirzojev 		P
Gea Kangilaski 		P
Lemmit Kaplinski 		P
Priit Humal 		P
Kaia Solnik 		P
Indrek Adler 		[53]
16 Feb Postimees P
Jürgen Ligi 		P
Kalle Grünthal 		P
Kersti Sarapuu 		P
Kaspar Taimsoo 		P
Eimar Veldre 		P
Ründo Mülts 		P
Oliver Rohesalu 		P
Priit Põllumäe 		[54]
16 Feb Vikerraadio P
Signe Riisalo 		P
Kert Kingo 		P
Tanel Kiik 		P
Irja Lutsar 		P
Helmen Kütt 		P
Lea Danilson-Järg 		N P
Marelle Erlenheim 		[55]
16 Feb Eesti Televisioon N N N N N N P
Marko Kaasik 		P
Kristjan Vanaselja 		[56]
15 Feb Postimees P
Signe Riisalo 		P
Kert Kingo 		P
Monika Haukanõmm 		P
Diana Ingerainen 		P
Heljo Pikhof 		P
Merike Värik 		P
Susanna Saar 		P
Toomas Kasemaa 		[57]
13 Feb Postimees P
Andres Sutt 		P
Raul Siem 		P
Andrei Korobeinik 		P
Kristina Kallas 		P
Riina Sikkut 		P
Kristjan Järvan 		P
Marti Soosaar 		P
Lavly Perling 		[58]
9 Feb Vikerraadio P
Liina Kersna 		P
Jaak Valge 		P
Jaak Aab 		P
Kristina Kallas 		P
Piret Hartman 		N N P
Tauno Õunapuu 		[59]
7 Feb Vikerraadio P
Annely Akkermann 		P
Siim Pohlak 		P
Lauri Laats 		P
Joakim Helenius 		P
Lauri Paeveer 		P
Aivar Kokk 		N P
Alar Voitka 		[60]
2 Feb Vikerraadio P
Liina Kersna 		P
Loone Ots 		P
Tõnis Mölder 		P
Kristina Kallas 		P
Jevgeni Ossinovski 		P
Tõnis Lukas 		N P
Andres Kaarmann 		[61]
2 Feb AmCham
FICE 		P
Andres Sutt 		P
Martin Helme 		P
Tanel Kiik 		P
Joakim Helenius 		P
Riina Sikkut 		P
Urmas Reinsalu 		N N [62]
1 Feb Vikerraadio P
Hanno Pevkur 		P
Jaak Madison 		P
Neeme Väli 		P
Margus Tsahkna 		P
Raimond Kaljulaid 		P
Urmas Reinsalu 		N P
Ilmar Raag 		[63]
31 Jan Vikerraadio P
Meelis Kiili 		P
Jaak Valge 		P
Mihhail Kõlvart 		P
Aleksei Jašin 		P
Piret Hartman 		P
Hendrik Agur 		N P
Ivo Loide 		[64]

Opinion polls

[edit]
Main article: Opinion polling for the 2023 Estonian parliamentary election
Local regression chart of poll results from 3 March 2019 to 5 March 2023

Results

[edit]
A map of the results of the 2023 Estonian parliamentary election by municipalities
Election results by municipalities

Voting at Estonian embassies abroad took place between 18 and 23 February 2023.[65] The National Electoral Committee had announced that 47.3% of voters cast their ballot during the pre-election period, which began on 27 February and ended before 5 March, a majority of whom voted online.[65][66][67] Voting stations on 5 March 2023 were opened from 9:00 am to 8:00 pm.[68][69] There were 966,129 citizens that had the right to vote in the election.[70]

The turnout progressed towards 63% by 7:00 pm according to Eesti Rahvusringhääling, with the highest turnout being in the Rapla County and the lowest in the Ida-Viru County.[71] With 312,181 electronic votes, these were the first elections where more than half of votes were cast online.[72] Later that day, Eesti Rahvusringhääling, Reuters, and the Associated Press reported that the Reform Party won the most votes and seats in the Riigikogu, with EKRE placing second and the Centre Party placing third.[38][73][74] Additionally, Eesti Rahvusringhääling reported that Estonia 200 would enter the Riigikogu for the first time since its formation.[73][75]

PartyVotes%+/–Seats+/–
Estonian Reform Party190,63231.24+2.3137+3
Conservative People's Party of Estonia97,96616.05−1.7117−2
Estonian Centre Party93,25415.28−7.8216−10
Estonia 20081,32913.33+8.9714+14
Social Democratic Party56,5849.27−0.569−1
Isamaa50,1188.21−3.238−4
Estonian United Left Party14,6052.39+2.3000
Parempoolsed14,0372.30New0New
Estonian Greens5,8860.96−0.8600
Independents5,8880.96+0.6800
Total610,299100.00–1010
Valid votes610,29999.43
Invalid/blank votes3,5020.57
Total votes613,801100.00
Registered voters/turnout966,12963.53
Source: National Electoral Committee[76]

Results by constituency

[edit]
Constituency Reform Centre EKRE Isamaa SDE E200 EER Parempoolsed EÜVP Independents
% S % S % S % S % S % S % S % S % S % S
No. 1 31.4 4 20.9 4 9.7 1 5.6 1 10.0 1 15.7 2 1.1 0 2.3 0 3.3 0 0.1 0
No. 2 29.4 4 29.0 5 9.1 1 5.4 1 8.6 1 10.9 2 1.0 0 1.6 0 4.9 0 0.1 0
No. 3 34.7 3 18.9 1 11.7 1 6.5 0 8.9 1 14.2 1 1.1 0 2.1 0 1.9 0 0.0 0
No. 4 40.0 7 10.2 1 14.6 3 8.3 1 7.1 1 13.7 2 0.7 0 3.4 0 1.3 0 0.8 0
No. 5 27.6 1 11.2 1 19.4 1 7.8 0 13.9 1 17.1 1 0.9 0 2.1 0 0.0 0 0.0 0
No. 6 31.1 1 13.4 0 20.5 2 13.7 0 7.5 0 8.7 1 0.5 0 3.0 0 1.5 0 0.2 0
No. 7 14.1 1 25.8 1 8.4 1 4.0 0 7.6 0 8.3 0 0.5 0 1.0 0 14.9 0 15.5 0
No. 8 27.8 2 10.2 1 23.3 1 11.9 1 12.9 2 10.7 0 0.8 0 2.1 0 0.0 0 0.3 0
No. 9 30.4 3 9.2 0 19.7 1 12.0 1 9.0 0 14.6 1 1.0 0 2.6 0 1.5 0 0.0 0
No. 10 35.9 4 7.3 0 14.5 1 8.6 1 9.9 1 18.4 1 1.7 0 2.0 0 1.6 0 0.0 0
No. 11 24.0 5 13.4 1 26.5 2 8.5 1 12.3 1 11.5 1 1.3 0 2.3 0 0.0 0 0.2 0
No. 12 29.5 2 11.4 1 26.0 2 10.0 1 6.7 0 12.8 2 0.8 0 2.2 0 0.7 0 0.0 0
Total 31.24 37 15.28 16 16.05 17 9.27 9 8.21 8 13.33 14 0.96 0 2.30 0 2.39 0 0.96 0
Source: National Electoral Committee,[76] Eesti Rahvusringhääling[77]

Aftermath

[edit]

Tanel Kiik, the vice-chair of the Centre Party, had said that "the Centre Party would be satisfied if it were to get 20 seats" in the Riigikogu, while Sven Mikser, the former chairman of the SDE, said that "nine mandates is probably the best the party can do in Estonia today".[78] Ratas later described the results as "mediocre".[78] After the publication of e-vote results, Kallas gave a speech and thanked her voters.[78][79] Kallas was congratulated by Sanna Marin, the prime minister of Finland, and Krišjānis Kariņš, the prime minister of Latvia.[80][81]

Martin Helme, the leader of EKRE, stated that "he does not trust the e-vote results" and demanded a recount.[78][79] On 9 March 2023, EKRE made an appeal to the Supreme Court of Estonia, requesting the results to be annulled and claiming that "several anomalies and technical errors in the e-voting process had been observed".[82] Lawyer Paul Keres of EKRE also claimed that the e-voting process is unconstitutional.[83] This case was dismissed on 13 March.[84]

Government formation

[edit]

As the party that won the most seats in the election, Reform Party began negotiations between the parties to attempt to form a government.[75] Eesti Rahvusringhääling reported that while experts predicted that the Reform–Estonia 200–SDE coalition would be formed after the election, Kallas only ruled out a coalition with EKRE.[45][78][85] A day after the election, Kallas said "that it is clear that voters expect to see Estonia 200 in the government", while she also said that there are four possible coalitions for the Reform Party to form.[86][87] Kallas invited Estonia 200 and SDE for government talks on 7 March 2023.[88] Lauri Läänemets, the leader of SDE, confirmed on 7 April that the Reform Party, Estonia 200, and SDE reached an agreement.[89] A day later, Kallas revealed the composition of her new cabinet.[90][91] The coalition agreement was signed on 10 April.[92][93][94] Soon after, Kallas became the prime-minister designate,[95] with the Riigikogu approving the coalition government on 12 April.[96][97] Her cabinet was sworn in on 17 April.[96]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ The leaders of the pro-Russia political group Together participated in the 2023 elections on the list of the Estonian United Left Party. The Tartu County Court did not register the group as a political party on 30 November 2022, as the total number of its members was below the required minimum of 500.[28]
  2. ^ The party's list featured members of Together

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Kaja Kallas: Coalition ready for Riigikogu vote on 15 April". Eesti Rahvusringhääling. 5 April 2019. Archived from the original on 1 December 2022. Retrieved 7 February 2023.
  2. ^ "Reform to begin coalition talks with Centre Party". Eesti Rahvusringhääling. 6 March 2019. Archived from the original on 1 December 2022. Retrieved 7 February 2023.
  3. ^ "Centre rejects Reform's offer to begin coalition talks". Eesti Rahvusringhääling. 8 March 2019. Archived from the original on 8 December 2022. Retrieved 7 February 2023.
  4. ^ "Kallas: Reform to approach Isamaa, Social Democrats next". Eesti Rahvusringhääling. 8 March 2019. Archived from the original on 2 December 2022. Retrieved 7 February 2023.
  5. ^ "Estonian parliament rejects Reform's Kallas as PM". Reuters. 15 April 2019. Archived from the original on 7 February 2023. Retrieved 7 February 2023.
  6. ^ "Estonie: Le Premier ministre sortant scelle un accord de coalition tripartite". Mediapart (in French). 7 April 2019. Archived from the original on 1 December 2022. Retrieved 7 February 2023.
  7. ^ "Estonia likely to see euroskeptic party brought to power". Associated Press. 17 July 2021. Archived from the original on 7 February 2023. Retrieved 7 February 2023.
  8. ^ "Nationalist Party Enters Estonia's Government". Voice of America. 29 April 2019. Archived from the original on 1 May 2019. Retrieved 7 February 2023.
  9. ^ Tambur, Silver (13 January 2021). "Estonia's prime minister Jüri Ratas resigns, Kaja Kallas asked to form the government". Estonian World. Archived from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 7 February 2023.
  10. ^ Belga, Par (14 January 2021). "Estonie: l'europhile convaincue Kaja Kallas désignée au poste du Premier ministre". Radio-télévision belge de la Communauté française (in French). Archived from the original on 7 February 2023. Retrieved 7 February 2023.
  11. ^ "Kallas' coalition votes total second-highest since independence restoration". Eesti Rahvusringhääling. 26 January 2021. Archived from the original on 1 December 2022. Retrieved 7 February 2023.
  12. ^ a b Belga, Par; Louvigny, Adeline (3 June 2022). "Estonie: la coalition gouvernementale s'effondre". Radio-télévision belge de la Communauté française (in French). Archived from the original on 1 December 2022. Retrieved 7 February 2023.
  13. ^ "Riigikogu grants Kallas mandate to form new government". Eesti Rahvusringhääling. 15 July 2022. Retrieved 7 February 2023.
  14. ^ "Estonian parliament confirms PM Kallas to lead new government". Reuters. 15 July 2022. Archived from the original on 7 February 2023. Retrieved 7 February 2023.
  15. ^ "Riigikogu Election Act". Riigi Teataja. 20 January 2015. Archived from the original on 12 September 2020. Retrieved 1 April 2015.
  16. ^ a b c "Estonia: Riigikogu (The Estonian Parliament)". Inter-Parliamentary Union Parline. Archived from the original on 8 February 2020. Retrieved 7 February 2023.
  17. ^ a b c "Valimised". Eesti.ee (in Estonian). Archived from the original on 7 February 2023. Retrieved 7 February 2023.
  18. ^ "President signs election decree, warns against two-party battle". Eesti Rahvusringhääling. 28 November 2022. Archived from the original on 9 February 2023. Retrieved 7 February 2023.
  19. ^ a b c d e "Valimiste korralduses tehtud muudatused peaks hääletamise mugavamaks tegema". Eesti Rahvusringhääling (in Estonian). 23 January 2023. Archived from the original on 31 January 2023. Retrieved 7 February 2023.
  20. ^ "Hääleõigus". Valimised (in Estonian). Archived from the original on 31 January 2023. Retrieved 7 February 2023.
  21. ^ a b c d "Riigikogu valimised 2023". Valimised (in Estonian). Archived from the original on 15 October 2022. Retrieved 7 February 2023.
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