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The '''Dulo Clan''' or the '''House of Dulo''' was the ruling dynasty of the Hunno-Bulgars (or [[Bulgars]]) <ref>http://promacedonia.org/vz1a/vz1a_a_1.html</ref> of states in various parts of eastern Europe, including the [[Hunnic Empire]] in [[Pannonia]] (from 450 AD), [[Old Great Bulgaria]] (632 AD), [[Volga Bulgaria]] (until the 13th century) and modern [[Bulgaria]] (since 681 AD). The clan was ruling dynasty of the eastern [[Bulgars]], the [[Utigurs]] [[Huns]].<ref>Byzantium and Bulgaria, 775-831, Panos Sophoulis, BRILL, 2011, ISBN 9004206957, [http://books.google.bg/books?id=Y8Y-3zVnvbEC&pg=PA70&dq=bulgar+tribes&hl=bg&sa=X&ei=wCBxUrPmHYjJtQa6z4C4DQ&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false p. 71.]</ref>
The '''Dulo Clan''' or the '''House of Dulo''' was the ruling dynasty of the Hunno-Bulgars (or [[Bulgars]]) <ref>http://promacedonia.org/vz1a/vz1a_a_1.html</ref> of states in various parts of eastern Europe, including the [[Hunnic Empire]] in [[Pannonia]] (from 450 AD), [[Old Great Bulgaria]] (632 AD), [[Volga Bulgaria]] (until the 13th century) and modern [[Bulgaria]] (since 681 AD).
⚫
The founding ancestor of the Dulo clan was a mighty "[[Maeotian]]" king. [[Kubrat]], a member of the dynasty, founded [[Old Great Bulgaria]], on the territory of modern [[Ukraine]].<ref>The” Other Europe in the Middle Ages: Avars, Bulgars, Khazars and Cumans, Florin Curta, Roman Kovalev, BRILL, 2008, ISBN 9004163891, [http://books.google.bg/books?id=_-G1L-9Zec0C&pg=PA288&dq=dulo+clan+bulgar&hl=bg&sa=X&ei=4CRxUp7ABITVtAaTiYC4Dg&ved=0CEcQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=dulo%20clan%20bulgar&f=false p. 284.]</ref> During the second half of the 7th century his sons split up the Bulgar family and spread over Europe, from the Volga to the shadow of Vesuvius:<ref>http://www.promacedonia.org/en/sr/</ref> [[Batbayan]] ([[Ukraine]]), [[Kotrag]] ([[Volga Bulgaria]]), [[Kuber]] ([[Republic of Macedonia|Balkan Macedonia]]), [[Asparuh]] ([[First Bulgarian Empire|Danube Bulgaria]]) and also [[Alcek]] ([[Italy]]). In the year 681 [[Asparuh]] of the house of Dulo founded modern [[Bulgaria]], establishing the [[First Bulgarian Empire]] south of the [[Danube]].
The founding ancestor of the Dulo clan was a mighty "[[Maeotian]]" king from whom [[Attila the Hun]] descended.<ref>http://www.promacedonia.org/en/sr/sr_1_1.htm p.11-12</ref> The ''[[Nominalia of the Bulgarian Khans]]'' names this ancestor as [[Avitohol]].<ref>The Huns, Rome and the Birth of Europe, Hyun Jin Kim, Cambridge University Press, 2013, ISBN 1107009065, p. 59.</ref>


⚫
The last known ruler of [[Bulgaria]] from the house of Dulo was [[Sevar]] who reigned 738–754 AD <ref>http://www.promacedonia.org/en/sr/sr_1_2.htm, p. 35</ref> The successor of the last Dulo was a [[bolyar]] named [[Kormisosh]], of the House of [[Vokil]] (or [[Uokil]]).<ref>http://www.helsinki.fi/slavicahelsingiensia/preview/sh35/pdf/4.pdf</ref><ref>http://everything2.com/title/The+Name+List+of+Bulgarian+Khans</ref><ref>http://en.calameo.com/read/0004463716bda1a7fe8ab</ref>
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[[Kubrat]], a member of the dynasty, founded [[Old Great Bulgaria]], on the territory of modern [[Ukraine]].<ref>The” Other Europe in the Middle Ages: Avars, Bulgars, Khazars and Cumans, Florin Curta, Roman Kovalev, BRILL, 2008, ISBN 9004163891, [http://books.google.bg/books?id=_-G1L-9Zec0C&pg=PA288&dq=dulo+clan+bulgar&hl=bg&sa=X&ei=4CRxUp7ABITVtAaTiYC4Dg&ved=0CEcQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=dulo%20clan%20bulgar&f=false p. 284.]</ref> During the second half of the 7th century his sons split up the Bulgar family and spread over Europe, from the Volga to the shadow of Vesuvius:<ref>http://www.promacedonia.org/en/sr/</ref> [[Batbayan]] ([[Ukraine]]), [[Kotrag]] ([[Volga Bulgaria]]), [[Kuber]] ([[Republic of Macedonia|Balkan Macedonia]]), [[Asparuh]] ([[First Bulgarian Empire|Danube Bulgaria]]) and also [[Alcek]] ([[Italy]]). In the year 681 [[Asparuh]] of the house of Dulo founded modern [[Bulgaria]], establishing the [[First Bulgarian Empire]] south of the [[Danube]].

⚫
The last known ruler of [[Bulgaria]] from the house of Dulo was [[Sevar]] who reigned 738–754 AD and with him the House of Dulo (the House of [[Attila]]) died out.<ref>http://www.promacedonia.org/en/sr/sr_1_2.htm, p. 35</ref> The successor of the last Dulo was a [[bolyar]] named [[Kormisosh]], of the House of [[Vokil]] (or [[Uokil]]).<ref>http://www.helsinki.fi/slavicahelsingiensia/preview/sh35/pdf/4.pdf</ref><ref>http://everything2.com/title/The+Name+List+of+Bulgarian+Khans</ref><ref>http://en.calameo.com/read/0004463716bda1a7fe8ab</ref>


== Origin ==
== Origin ==
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===Hunnic theory===
===Hunnic theory===
Traditionally historians associate [[Bulgars]] and their ruling dynasty of Dulo with the [[Huns]],<ref>Multicultural China in the Early Middle Ages, Sanping Chen, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012, ISBN 0812206282, p. 96</ref> in fact most scholars equate the [[Bulgars]] with the [[Huns]].<ref>Maenchen-Helfen, The world of the Huns, pp. 164, 199, 381 and Steven Runciman, A History of the First
Bulgarian Empire, London, 1930, pp. 279—81
43 1—32</ref> Most Roman, Greek and later Byzantium historians ( as [[Jordanes]], [[Priscus]] and [[Procopius]] ) refer to [[Bulgars]] and [[Huns]] indiscriminately to describe the same people. The European [[Huns]] that entered Europe in the 4th century AD, were grouped into four major tribes: [[Utigurs]], [[Kutrigurs]], [[Akatziroi]] and [[Sabirs]]. On [[Attila]]’s death, his empire crumbled and his people, who had probably been only a conglomeration of kindred tribes that he had welded together, divided again into these tribes; and they retreated from [[Pannonia]] (modern day Hungary) westward into the territories of modern day Ukraine. One of these tribes, the [[Utigurs]] Huns, the tribe of [[Attila]], was soon to be known as the [[Bulgars]]. It was in 482, some thirty years after [[Attila]]’s death, that the Bulgars first appear by name.<ref>Steven Runciman, A history of the First Bulgarian Empire, Book I THE CHILDREN OF THE HUNS</ref>



Although this theory shed some light on the origin of Dolo clan and Bulgars, it posits that their origin is intimately related to the origin of the [[Huns]], a problem that still remains to be solved.


===Indo-European theories===
===Indo-European theories===
{{original research|section||date=March 2015}}
{{POV-section|date=March 2015}}
{{summarize section|date=March 2015}}

The ruling dynasty [[Vokil]] (or Uokil) of [[Bulgaria]] can be traced directly back to [[China]]<ref>http://bghistorypodcast.com/podcast/006-the-fall-of-the-house-of-dulo/</ref><ref>http://en.wiki.x.io/wiki/Uokil</ref> and the [[Yuezhi]] people. The [[Yuezhi]] are usually identified with the Tókharoi, and Chinese transcription of Tokhara is Tuhuoluo or Duhuoluo (吐火羅) which could be an early form of the name Dulo. The [[Yuezhi]] were an [[Europoid]] people, dominated by [[haplogroup R1a1a (Y-DNA)]], and probably spoke [[Tocharian languages|Tocharian]] language, an extinct [[Indo-European]] language to which many [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]] words could be traced.<ref>https://www.academia.edu/4965415/%D0%A2%D0%9E%D0%A5%D0%90%D0%A0%D0%9E-%D0%91%D0%AA%D0%9B%D0%93%D0%90%D0%A0%D0%A1%D0%9A%D0%98_%D0%95%D0%97%D0%98%D0%9A%D0%9E%D0%92%D0%98_%D0%9F%D0%90%D0%A0%D0%90%D0%9B%D0%95%D0%9B%D0%98</ref> They lived in eastern [[Tarim Basin]] and in [[Gansu]] province in China. There were five aristocratic tribes ( [[yabghu]], a term later used by the Turks) of the [[Yuezhi]], known in Chinese history as Xiūmì (Ch: 休密), Guishuang (Ch: 貴霜), Shuangmi (Ch: 雙靡), Xidun (Ch: 肸頓), and Dūmì (Ch: 都密). The Yuezhi used [[artificial skull deformation]], similar to the [[artificial cranial deformation]] practiced by the [[Bulgars]] and their burials were of podboy type similar to the burials found in necropolises in northern [[Bulgaria]]. During the 2nd century BC the Yuezhi lost several wars with neighbouring [[Xiongnu]], the clash from 162 BC was so severe that the king of the [[Yuezhi]] was killed and, in accordance with nomadic traditions, a drinking cup was made from his skull, a habit well known in the history of [[First Bulgarian Empire|Danube Bulgaria]]. The majority of the Yuezhi (this part of the [[Yuezhi]] people was then called "Greater Yuezhi" or Da Yuezhi (大月氏)) migrated west,<ref>http://en.wiki.x.io/wiki/Yuezhi</ref><ref>http://www.transoxiana.org/Eran/Articles/benjamin.html</ref> storming into the territories of ancient [[Bactria]], [[Hindo Kush]] and modern day [[Kazakhstan]]. A small part of [[Yuezhi]] that remained in [[Gansu]] was called the "Lesser Yuezhi" (Xiao Yuezhi 小月氏) and they appear to be the Buluoji/Bulgars of [[China]].<ref>http://www.bulgari-istoria-2010.com/booksBG/Sanping_Chen_SOME_REMARKS_ON_THE_CHINESE_BULGARIAN.pdf</ref> Initially the Gteater [[Yuezhi]] settled in the [[Ili valley]], immediately north of the Tian Shan mountains, but in the year 132 BCE, the [[Wusun]], in alliance with the [[Xiongnu]] and out of revenge from an earlier conflict, managed to dislodge the Yuezhi, forcing them to move south. The [[Yuezhi]] crossed the neighbouring urban civilization of the [[Dayuan]] in [[Ferghana]] and settled on the northern bank of the [[Oxus]], in the region of [[Transoxiana]]. From there, during the 1st century AD, one of the five tribes of the [[Yuezhi]], namely the Guishuang (Ch: 貴霜) founded the [[Kushan Empire]]<ref>Runion, Meredith L. (2007). The history of Afghanistan. Westport: Greenwood Press. p. 46. ISBN 978-0-313-33798-7. The [[Yuezhi]] people conquered Bactria in the second century B.C.E. and divided the country into five chiefdoms, one of which would become the Kushan Empire.</ref> extending their control over the northwestern area of the Indian subcontinent and ruled the region for several centuries. The other four tribes gradually moved further west, during the 4th century AD they entered Europe and became known as [[Huns]] (or European Huns, to distinguish them from [[Xiongnu]]) with the aforementioned four tribes of [[Utigurs]], [[Kutrigurs]], [[Akatziroi]] and [[Sabirs]].

There are many necropolis in northern Bactria strikingly similar to these in northern [[Bulgaria]] and probably they could be linked with the [[Yuezhi]]. Very important are the archaeological excavations of several necropolises in the Bishkek valley in Southern Tajikistan, in the basin of the river Kafir-nigan, a right tributary of [[Amu-Darya]] ([[Oxus]]). Another important site is the Babashov necropolis, located on the right bank of [[Amu Darya]] ([[Oxus]]), not far from the Bishkek valley. About 50% of the skulls are artificially deformed. The buried are mesobrachiocranic [[Europoids]] with slight Mongoloid features,<ref>T.P. Kijatkina, Kraniologicheskie materialy iz kurgannyh mogil’nikov Severnoj Baktrii. - Trudy Tadzh. arheol. eksp., VII, s.211.</ref> similar to anthropological data collected from medieval [[Bulgar]] necropolises.<ref>http://www.iriston.com/nogbon/news.php?newsid=367</ref> The necropolises in Northern Bactria are well dated. Those in the Bishkek valley had existed from the end of II c. BC till the beginning of I c. AD, the Babashnov necropolis - from I c. BC till III c. AD.<ref>A.M. Mandel’shtam, Pamjatniki kushanskogo vremeni v Severnoj Baktrii, s.130.</ref> They are attributed to unidentified nomads who at the end of the II c. BC attacked the Greko-Bactrian kingdom and put an end to its existence. These necropolises ceased to function during the II-III c. AD.

===Turkic theory===
===Turkic theory===


Many researchers agree that the origin of the clan probably was Turkic.<ref>[https://books.google.bg/books?id=ST6TRNuWmHsC&pg=PA261&dq=dulo+western+turk&hl=bg&sa=X&ei=4bnuVITpLsjvUNSDgpgC&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia, Denis Sinor, Cambridge University Press, 1990, ISBN 0521243041, p. 261.]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.bg/books?id=EbIyAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA71&dq=dulo+western+turkic&hl=bg&sa=X&ei=WbvuVOa5N4XzUMXQgaAN&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q&f=false Byzantium and Bulgaria, 775-831, Panos Sophoulis, BRILL, 2011, ISBN 9004206965, p. 71.]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.bg/books?id=jCpncXFzoFgC&pg=PA59&dq=dulo+clan+huns+tu-lu&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Q27tVJCxA6nnygPTw4K4CQ&ved=0CB4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false The Huns, Rome and the Birth of Europe, Hyun Jin Kim, Cambridge University Press, 2013, ISBN 1107067227, 9781107067226, p. 59.]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.bg/books?id=ugbWH-5OjegC&pg=PA97&dq=dulo+clan+huns&hl=en&sa=X&ei=-nLtVN3KMqb7ywPU44CABg&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q&f=false Multicultural China in the Early Middle Ages, Sanping Chen, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012, ISBN 0812206282, p. 97]</ref> However modern genetic research denies such a connection.<ref>http://dienekes.blogspot.com/2013/03/y-chromosomes-of-bulgarians-karachanak.html</ref><ref>When analyzed in a broader context, the Bulgarian haplogroup profile is located among European populations and apart from Altaic and Central Asian Turkic-speaking populations.
http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0056779</ref><ref>http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/84067/Bulgar</ref>


===Iranian theory===
===Iranian theory===


Many modern Bulgarian scholars support this theory.<ref>http://books.google.bg/books?id=TRttHdXjP14C&pg=PA29&dq=bulgar+language+iranian&hl=bg&ei=w5HOTqKgLYOxhAea4PWyDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=bulgar%20language%20iranian&f=false</ref><ref>"The Huns, Rome and the Birth of Europe", Hyun Jin Kim, Cambridge University Press, 2013, ISBN 1107009065, p. 68</ref> The most prominent of them, namely Peter Dobrev, argues the Turkic names of the animals in the [[Bulgar calendar]] show that the Turkic peoples had borrowed these words from the [[Iranian peoples|Iranian]] Bulgars.<ref>http://www.kroraina.com/pb_lang/index.html</ref>


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===Finno-Ugrian theory===


⚫
===Finno-Ugrian theory===
It was supported by Marin Drinov and some other scientists.<ref>http://ia700400.us.archive.org/27/items/pogledvrukhproi00dringoog/pogledvrukhproi00dringoog.pdf</ref>


===Slavic theory===
===Slavic theory===


This theory considers Bulgarians to be of Slavic origin.<ref>В.М.Флоринский, ХТ-Б-ИБ,стр.45,75</ref>


By the 6th century the [[Bulgaria]]n [[martenitsa]] was identical to the [[China|Chinese]] one and consisted only of the red part. In the late 6th and early 7th century, during the wars with the Khazars, two children (a boy Boyan and a girl Huba) from Dulo dynasty were given to the Khazars as hostages, according to an old steppe tradition. Subsequently they were lost, and the rulers of the Dulo dynasty divided [[martenitsa]] into two parts, white and red, to remember their loss.


[[Dulo Hill]] on [[Livingston Island]], near [[Antarctica]], is named after the Bulgarian ruling dynasty Dulo.<ref>[http://data.aad.gov.au/aadc/gaz/scar/display_name.cfm?gaz_id=136855 Composite Gazetteer of Antarctica:] Dulo Hill.</ref>
[[Dulo Hill]] on [[Livingston Island]], near [[Antarctica]], is named after the Bulgarian ruling dynasty Dulo.<ref>[http://data.aad.gov.au/aadc/gaz/scar/display_name.cfm?gaz_id=136855 Composite Gazetteer of Antarctica:] Dulo Hill.</ref>

Revision as of 18:59, 13 March 2015

The Dulo Clan or the House of Dulo was the ruling dynasty of the Hunno-Bulgars (or Bulgars) [1] of states in various parts of eastern Europe, including the Hunnic Empire in Pannonia (from 450 AD), Old Great Bulgaria (632 AD), Volga Bulgaria (until the 13th century) and modern Bulgaria (since 681 AD). The founding ancestor of the Dulo clan was a mighty "Maeotian" king. Kubrat, a member of the dynasty, founded Old Great Bulgaria, on the territory of modern Ukraine.[2] During the second half of the 7th century his sons split up the Bulgar family and spread over Europe, from the Volga to the shadow of Vesuvius:[3] Batbayan (Ukraine), Kotrag (Volga Bulgaria), Kuber (Balkan Macedonia), Asparuh (Danube Bulgaria) and also Alcek (Italy). In the year 681 Asparuh of the house of Dulo founded modern Bulgaria, establishing the First Bulgarian Empire south of the Danube.

The last known ruler of Bulgaria from the house of Dulo was Sevar who reigned 738–754 AD [4] The successor of the last Dulo was a bolyar named Kormisosh, of the House of Vokil (or Uokil).[5][6][7]

Origin

The origins of the Bulgars and Dulo clan are not known precisely, there are many theories about their origin.

Hunnic theory

Indo-European theories

Turkic theory

Iranian theory

Finno-Ugrian theory

Slavic theory

Dulo Hill on Livingston Island, near Antarctica, is named after the Bulgarian ruling dynasty Dulo.[8]

References

  1. ^ http://promacedonia.org/vz1a/vz1a_a_1.html
  2. ^ The” Other Europe in the Middle Ages: Avars, Bulgars, Khazars and Cumans, Florin Curta, Roman Kovalev, BRILL, 2008, ISBN 9004163891, p. 284.
  3. ^ http://www.promacedonia.org/en/sr/
  4. ^ http://www.promacedonia.org/en/sr/sr_1_2.htm, p. 35
  5. ^ http://www.helsinki.fi/slavicahelsingiensia/preview/sh35/pdf/4.pdf
  6. ^ http://everything2.com/title/The+Name+List+of+Bulgarian+Khans
  7. ^ http://en.calameo.com/read/0004463716bda1a7fe8ab
  8. ^ Composite Gazetteer of Antarctica: Dulo Hill.
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