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Moreno Argentines
Argentinos morenos (Spanish)
Argentine woman in the Annual Parade of the Bolivian Community in Buenos Aires.
Total population
Mixed ancestry predominates
4,800,000 (estimated)[1]
10.7% of the Argentina's population


56% have at least one indigenous ancestor
There are no official data in the censuses[2]
Regions with significant populations
Mainly in the Argentine Northwest and in South American immigration areas.
Languages
Predominantly Spanish
Religion
Majority: Catholicism
Minority: Evangelism · Irreligion
Related ethnic groups
Moreno Venezuelans · Mixed Mexicans · Pardo Brazilians · Mixed Colombians · Mixed Dominicans · Mixed Americans · Others

Moreno Argentines (Spanish: Argentinos morenos), also known as Mixed Argentines (Spanish: Argentinos de origen mixto), are Argentines who do not have a predominant ancestry due to their mixed origin, these stand out for having brown skin. These originated due to the miscegenation that occurred during the viceregal and post-independence period (mainly between whites and natives, to a lesser extent blacks), this was classified under the colonial caste system, some terms that were used are Pardo, Mestizo, Mulatto, Zambo, among other.[3] Moreno Argentines are currently the second largest group in the Argentine Republic.[1]

History

[edit]

Argentina had, like the rest of the viceroyalties, a mix between Spaniards, Amerindians and Sub-saharan Africans. Within the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata, the only region that had real value for the Spanish crown was Upper Peru due to the Potosí Mines, the current Argentine territory was mainly livestock so it did not have a strong economic interest and there was no important arrival of black slaves as in the rest of America, it was also always the least populated region of the Spanish Empire. Within the viceroyalty of the Río de la Palta, there is not a very marked caste system compared to other viceroyalties such as New Spain or New Granada, the most marked difference there was, was the difference in the political power that existed between those born In Spain with respect to the other castes, which generated displeasure, this was one of the several reasons why an independence sentiment was created.[4][5]

Portrait of the Jujuy Exodus.

During the Argentine War of Independence, the troops that fought were made up of Argentines of various origins (criollos, coyotes, mestizos, etc.), one of the most prominent was Sergeant Juan Bautista Cabral who sacrificed himself in the Battle of San Lorenzo to help Colonel José de San Martín whose horse had fallen during the combat. He was a Zambo since his father was an indigenous person of Guaraní origin and his mother was a black slave of Angolan origin. Another notable Argentine of mixed origin was Sergeant Major María Remedios del Valle, who accompanied the Army of the North as an auxiliary and combatant during the First Upper Peru campaign; she was listed in her military records as Parda.[6][7]

Mainly between 1880 and 1930 there was a great wave of immigration from Europe and the Levant, many of the Moreno Argentines married and had children with the millions of immigrants who quickly became the majority, this caused much of the country to have a predominantly Spanish and Italian ancestry. Similar to Uruguay and White Brazil, the current face of Argentina has become overwhelmingly western in culture and tradition, although a few native traditions persist.

Mixing of Amerindians and Caucasians in the viceregal era

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Casta Spanish blood Amerindian blood
Predominantly Caucasian
Criollo 87.5% - 100% 12.5% - 0%
Castizo 75% 25%
No predominant ancestry (Mixed)
Harnizo 62.5% 37.5%
Mestizo 50% 50%
Coyote 37.5% 62.5%
Predominantly Amerindian
Cholo 25% 75%
Indigenous 12.5% - 0% 87.5% - 100%

Mixing of Sub-Saharans and Caucasians in the viceregal era

[edit]
Drawing of a mulatto woman in the viceregal era in 1711.
Casta Spanish blood Sub-Saharan blood
Predominantly Caucasian
Criollo 100% 0%
Octavon 87.5% 12.5%
No predominant ancestry (Mixed)
Morisco 75% 25%
Terceron 62.5% 37.5%
Mulatto 50% 50%
Black Terceron 37.5% 62.5%
Predominantly Sub-Saharan
Galfarro 25% 75%
Black 12.5% - 0% 87.5% - 100%

Although they have the same amount of Spanish blood, the castizos were lighter skinned and had more Spanish features, while the moriscos had more mixed features and brown skin so they were not considered to have a predominant ancestry.

South American immigration

[edit]
Households whose head was born in a neighboring country or Peru in Buenos Aires Metropolitan Area by the 2010 census.

After the return to democracy in 1983, there was an increase in South American immigration (mainly Bolivian, Paraguayan and Peruvian) that settled mainly in the Villas Miseria (squatter settlement), around large cities and border cities such as Buenos Aires, Salta, Mendoza, San Salvador, Posadas, Córdoba, Formosa, Rosario, etc. These immigrants have a higher birth rate than the national average and over time brought cultural customs foreign to Argentina, such as cumbia villera (based on peruvian cumbia). According to the 2022 census, the Buenos Aires Metropolitan Area (AMBA) has a total of 1,159,446 immigrants in its territory, 59.96% of the entire country. This represents 8.29% of the entire AMBA population. More than 82% of the immigrants are of American origin, the main communities being: Paraguayans (32.46%), Bolivians (15.75%), Venezuelans (10.68%) and Peruvians (9.16%).[8]

Due to the cultural shock and social problems generated by new immigrants and their descendants, such as crime, a feeling of xenophobia and rejection towards this group arose in Argentine society. A common term to refer to the descendants of Bolivians born in Argentina is "Boligaucho".[9]

Demographics

[edit]
A gaucho man in Junín de los Andes, Neuquén.

There is no official census data on the number of people in the Argentine Republic who do not have a predominant ancestry.

In 1778 a census was taken to find out the number of people who lived in the current Argentine area of ​​the viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata. According to this census, Argentina only had 185,920 people, of which 3.31% (about 6,134 people) were mestizos (mixed Amerindians and Spaniards), the mulattoes, zambos and pardos despite also being mixed people, were not taken into account and were included as "Blacks" to simplify.[10]

It is estimated that the percentage of argentines without a predominant ancestry increases in provinces that did not receive such notable immigration from Europe and the Levant, between 1880 and 1930 during the great immigration, these are mainly some of the provinces of the Argentine Northwest.

Genetics studies

[edit]

Large comprehensive studies across Argentina's many regions in order to characterize the genetic admixture have been lacking. Small sample size studies give the following composition. It is estimated that because in the mix between European and Levantine immigrants who were the majority and Argentines from that time who became a minority, it caused modern Argentines to have a predominantly Caucasian Mediterranean ancestry (mainly Spanish, Italian, Arab and South French) in the criollo or castizo range.

A team led by Daniel Corach conducted a study in 2009, analyzing 246 samples from eight provinces and three different regions of the country. The results were as follows: the analysis of Y-Chromosome DNA revealed a 94.1% of Caucasian contribution, and only 4.9% and 0.9% of Native American and Black African contribution, respectively. Mitochondrial DNA analysis again showed a great Amerindian contribution by maternal lineage, at 53.7%, with 44.3% of Caucasian contribution, and a 2% African contribution. The study of 24 autosomal markers also proved a large Caucasian contribution of 78.5%, against 17.3% of Amerindian and 4.2% Black African contributions.[11]

Several studies found out that the Caucasian ancestry in Argentina comes mainly from the Iberian Peninsula and Italian Peninsula with a much lower contribution from Central Europe, Northern Europe and West Asia.[12][13] The Italian component appears strongest in the East and Center-West, while the Spanish influence dominates in the North East and North West.[14]

Notable Moreno Argentines

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See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b ernández, Fran cisco Lizcano. "Composición Étnica de las Tres Áreas Culturales del Continente Americano al Comienzo del Siglo XXI" (PDF) (in Spanish). Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades, UAEM. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-02-07. Retrieved 2020-11-18.
  2. ^ "Estructura genética de la Argentina, Impacto de contribuciones genéticas". Ministerio de Educación de Ciencia y Tecnología de la Nación (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 20 August 2011.
  3. ^ Giraudo, Laura (14 June 2018). "Casta(s), 'sociedad de castas' e indigenismo: la interpretación del pasado colonial en el siglo XX". Nuevo Mundo Mundos Nuevos. doi:10.4000/nuevomundo.72080. hdl:10261/167130.
  4. ^ San Miguel, G. (November 2000). "Ser mestizo en la América Española a fines del siglo XVIII: Acatzingo, 1792" [Being a mestizo in New Spain at the end of the 18th century: Acatzingo, 1792]. Cuadernos de la Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias Sociales. Universidad Nacional de Jujuy (in Spanish) (13): 325–342.
  5. ^ Rospide, Santiago Miguel (2021). "¿Por qué los españoles rechazaron la propuesta del General San Martín de coronar un príncipe Borbón en el Perú?". ReDiU, Revista Digital Universitaria del Colegio Militar de la Nación.
  6. ^ Guzmán 2016.
  7. ^ Ghidoli 2016.
  8. ^ "Censo 2022". INDEC. Retrieved 8 March 2024.
  9. ^ Amia Cuba, Las 40 de la 22, 2002
  10. ^ "Censo 1778" (PDF). Retrieved 18 April 2024.
  11. ^ Corach, Daniel; Lao, Oscar; Bobillo, Cecilia; Gaag, Kristiaan Van Der; Zuniga, Sofia; Vermeulen, Mark; Duijn, Kate Van; Goedbloed, Miriam; Vallone, Peter M.; Parson, Walther; Knijff, Peter De (2010). "Inferring Continental Ancestry of Argentineans from Autosomal, Y-Chromosomal and Mitochondrial DNA". Annals of Human Genetics. 74 (1): 65–76. doi:10.1111/j.1469-1809.2009.00556.x. hdl:11336/14301. ISSN 1469-1809. PMID 20059473. S2CID 5908692. Archived from the original on 25 October 2021. Retrieved 24 October 2021.
  12. ^ Luisi, Pierre; García, Angelina; Berros, Juan Manuel; Motti, Josefina M. B.; Demarchi, Darío A.; Alfaro, Emma; Aquilano, Eliana; Argüelles, Carina; Avena, Sergio; Bailliet, Graciela; Beltramo, Julieta; Bravi, Claudio M.; Cuello, Mariela; Dejean, Cristina; Dipierri, José Edgardo (2020-07-16). "Fine-scale genomic analyses of admixed individuals reveal unrecognized genetic ancestry components in Argentina". PLOS ONE. 15 (7): e0233808. Bibcode:2020PLoSO..1533808L. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0233808. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 7365470. PMID 32673320.
  13. ^ Homburger, Julian R.; Moreno-Estrada, Andrés; Gignoux, Christopher R.; Nelson, Dominic; Sanchez, Elena; Ortiz-Tello, Patricia; Pons-Estel, Bernardo A.; Acevedo-Vasquez, Eduardo; Miranda, Pedro; Langefeld, Carl D.; Gravel, Simon; Alarcón-Riquelme, Marta E.; Bustamante, Carlos D. (2015-12-04). "Genomic Insights into the Ancestry and Demographic History of South America". PLOS Genetics. 11 (12): e1005602. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1005602. ISSN 1553-7404. PMC 4670080. PMID 26636962.
  14. ^ Muzzio, Marina; Motti, Josefina M. B.; Sepulveda, Paula B. Paz; Yee, Muh-ching; Cooke, Thomas; Santos, María R.; Ramallo, Virginia; Alfaro, Emma L.; Dipierri, Jose E.; Bailliet, Graciela; Bravi, Claudio M.; Bustamante, Carlos D.; Kenny, Eimear E. (2018-05-01). "Population structure in Argentina". PLOS ONE. 13 (5): e0196325. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1396325M. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0196325. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 5929549. PMID 29715266.
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