Dornier Komet

Komet, Merkur, and related
	Komet III
Role	Airliner
Manufacturer	Dornier Flugzeugwerke
First flight	1921
Developed from	Dornier Delphin
Variants	Dornier Do 10

The Dornier Komet (Comet), Merkur (Mercury), Do C, Do D, and Do T were a family of aircraft designed and manufactured by the German aircraft manufacturer Dornier Flugzeugwerke.

Developed during the 1920s, the aircraft was originally operated as a small airliner. Military variants were subsequently developed, including a heavily modified floatplane torpedo bomber model. The earliest aircraft in the series were basically landplane versions of the Delphin flying boat, and although the Delphin and Komet/Merkur series diverged from each other, design changes and refinements from one family were often incorporated into the other. All variants were braced high-winged single-engine monoplanes with conventional landing gear.

Development

The first Komets (Do C III Komet I) utilised the same rectangular plan, 17 m (55 ft 9 in) span wing, tail, and even upper fuselage, as well as the 138 kW (185 hp) BMW IIIa engine of the Delphin I, but replaced the lower fuselage and sponsons with a simple sheet-metal bottom that incorporated fixed tailskid undercarriage. The engine installation was also relocated from above the Delphin's nose to a conventional location in the Komet's fuselage nose. Accommodation was provided for a single pilot and four passengers.^[1]^[2] An improved version, the Do Komet II, was first flown on 9 October 1922 and was widely exported to countries including Colombia, Spain, Switzerland, and the Soviet Union.

The Do Komet III of 1924 was a practically all-new design that shared many elements with the Delphin III. The cabin was expanded to seat another two passengers and the larger wing, with a span of 19.6 m (64 ft 4 in), was raised above the fuselage on short struts. Power was greatly increased from the Komet I, with a 340 kW (450 hp) Napier Lion engine.^[3] This version was exported to Denmark and Sweden, but was also produced under licence in Japan by Kawasaki.

In 1925, the Komet III was replaced in production by the Do B Merkur I, which featured a revised fin and longer-span wings. When fitted with the BMW VI engine, it became known as the Do B Bal Merkur II, as did indeed any Komets thus re-engined. The type was widely used by Deutsche Luft Hansa, which had some 30 Merkurs operating at one time, and was also exported to Brazil, China, Colombia, Japan, and Switzerland.

The Do C and Do D were follow-on military designs, the former was a trainer exported to Chile and Colombia while the latter was a floatplane torpedo bomber built for the Yugoslav Royal Navy. The designation Do T was used for a landplane ambulance version.

Design

The Dornier Komet family of aircraft were high-wing monoplane all-metal aircraft.^[4] The aircraft had a atypically low centre of gravity, which was partially attributable to the design of its undercarriage and made it unlikely for the aircraft to overturn even during challenging landings. Power was provided by a single nose-mounted engine.^[5] The arcraft was promoted for its ability to be used as an airliner, utility transport, air ambulance, aerial surveyor, in either a landplane or floatplane configuration.^[6]

The majority of the airframe was composed of duralumin except for highly-stressed components, which were made of steel instead. As an anti-corrosion measure, all steel parts were alloyed while the duralumin components, although a particularly corrosion-resistant light alloy, had a layer of protective paint applied.^[4] Almost all sections of the airframe were manufactured from strips of plate that were drawn in dies. This production technique resulted in particularly durable struts while plate sections were well-braced via their securing to flanged channel sections that were aligned to the direction of the external streamlines and at right angles to the interior, subdividing the shall into small rectangular sections.^[7] There was no use of either tubes or corrugated plate; flat plate was opted for as it readily absorbed stress in all directions. Parts were joined together using riveting in a manner that permitted repairs and even total replacement to be readily performed by non-specialist workers.^[8] Accessibility to all parts was also facilitated in the aircraft's design.^[8]

The wings of the aircraft were divided into sections, the two end sections were detachable, being only secured to the centre section of the wing; this centre section was in turn secured to the fuselage and braced at roughly their halfway along their length by a pair of struts that attached to the base of the fuselage.^[8] These struts enabled the wings to have a constant chord along with an invariable section of moderate thickness to suit the most favourable aerodynamic characteristics. A pair of spars (composed of steel sections) and relatively sturdy box ribs, the latter eliminating the need for bracing of the former, absorbed the various forces exerted upon the wings.^[9] Strips of plate, both smooth and ribbed, were placed on key areas, such as the ribs, to increase their strength; these strips were usually flanged upwards and connected via rivets after small channel sections were placed over them. The gussets of the spars were relieved by sectioned bracings that extended in parallel to the spars.^[9]

The fuselage of the aircraft was divided into several compartments.^[10] The forwardmost of these was the engine bay, within the nose; beneath the engine, which was supported on a pair of bearers, an oil-tight luggage compartment was present that could be used to trim the aircraft. Aft of the engine bay was the cockpit, which seated a pair of pilots provisioned with dual flight controls and comprehensive instrumentation for the era.^[11] The main cabin lay directly behind, passengers would be seated on light wicker chairs that were aligned to the windows; the rear area of the cabin typically featured an toilet. The flight control surfaces were arranged on the end of the fuselage; both the fins and rudder had a plate covering while other surfaces used fabric for lower inertia.^[12] Both the elevator and ailerons were balanced while the horizontal stabiliser was adjustable.^[9]

The engine, which was housed within the nose of the aircraft, directly drove the propeller.^[9] A variety of engines could be installed, the BMW VI V-12 engine being a popular choice. When powered by the BMW engine, the aircraft was capable of greater performance, particularly in terms of its altitude ceiling, than it would have when using several other powerplants.^[13] The primary radiator was located beneath the engine inside the airflow from the propeller; additional radiators at locations such as the winds, sides, and back could be fitted if specified. Fuel was housed in two main tanks adjacent to the central section of the wing as well as two auxiliary tanks below the pilot's seat; the upper tanks supplied fuel to the engines via gravity while a hand-pump was necessary for the auxiliary tanks.^[14] The oil tanks were located at the rear of the engine just below the upper surface of the fuselage.^[14]

Operational history

During late June 1926, an unmodified Dornier Merkur set multiple world records during a series of flights performed at Dübendorf; at one point, the type held a quarter of all world records for the landplane category.^[15]

A replica Dornier Merkur was made for the Dorner Museum in the early 2000s.^{[citation needed]}

Variants

First of the Komet series
Do Komet II
Do Komet III: larger, more powerful version capable of seating up to six passengers.^[3]
Do B Merkur I
Do B Bal Merkur II
Do C: Military version of the Komet III

Do C-1: Two-seat fighter.
Do C-2A: Recognition version.
Do C-3: Recognition version.
Do C-4: Do-10, development of C-1.

Do D: A much revised floatplane torpedo bomber version for the Royal Yugoslav Air Force
Do T: An ambulance version

Operators

Civil operators

Colombia

SCADTA^[16]

Germany

Switzerland

Ad Astra Aero^[18]

Ukraine

Ukrvozdukhput^[19]

Soviet Union

Military operators

Chile

Colombia

Colombian Air Force

Kingdom of Yugoslavia

Yugoslav Royal Navy

Specifications (Merkur II)

Data from European Transport Aircraft since 1910^[20]

General characteristics

Crew: one
Capacity: eight passengers
Length: 12.5 m (41 ft 0 in)
Wingspan: 19.6 m (64 ft 4 in)
Height: 3.56 m (11 ft 8 in) ^[21]
Wing area: 62.0 m² (667 sq ft)
Empty weight: 2,100 kg (4,630 lb)
Gross weight: 3,600 kg (7,937 lb)
Powerplant: 1 × BMW VI water-cooled V-12 engine, 450 kW (600 hp)

Performance

Maximum speed: 200 km/h (120 mph, 110 kn)
Cruise speed: 180 km/h (110 mph, 97 kn)
Range: 750 km (466 mi, 405 nmi) ^[22]
Service ceiling: 5,200 m (17,100 ft)

References

Citations

^ "Les avions Dornier". Les Ailes (8): 2. 11 August 1921.
^ "A New German All-Metal Machine". Flight. XIII (13): 223–224. 31 March 1921.
^ ^a ^b Serryer, J (19 February 1925). "L'Avion Dornier "Komet" III". Les Ailes (192): 2.
^ ^a ^b NACA 1927, p. 1.
^ NACA 1927, pp. 2-3.
^ NACA 1927, p. 7-8.
^ NACA 1927, pp. 1-2.
^ ^a ^b ^c NACA 1927, p. 2.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d NACA 1927, p. 4.
^ NACA 1927, p. 3.
^ NACA 1927, pp. 3, 6.
^ NACA 1927, pp. 3-4.
^ NACA 1927, pp. 1, 4-5.
^ ^a ^b NACA 1927, p. 5.
^ NACA 1927, pp. 9-10.
^ ^a ^b ^c Hooks Aeroplane June 2016, p. 52.
^ ^a ^b Hooks Aeroplane June 2016, p. 51.
^ Hooks Aeroplane June 2016, pp. 52–53.
^ Hooks Aeroplane June 2016, pp. 51–52.
^ Stroud 1966, p. 246.
^ Donald 1995, p. 347.
^ Stroud Aeroplane Monthly January 1984, p. 39.

Bibliography

Cooksley, Peter (September–October 1996). "Celestial Coaches: Dornier's Record Breaking Komet and Merkur". Air Enthusiast (65): 20–24. ISSN 0143-5450.
Donald, David, ed. (1997). The Encyclopedia of World Aircraft. Leicester, UK: Blitz Editions. ISBN 1-85605-375-X.
Hooks, Mike (June 2016). "Dornier Rising". Aeroplane. Vol. 44, no. 5. pp. 48–53. ISSN 0143-7240.
Isaic, Vladimir (March–April 1999). "Yugoslav Naval Strike: Dornier's Merkur Seaplane in the Military Role". Air Enthusiast (80): 72–75. ISSN 0143-5450.
Ledet, Michel (April 1993). "L'aéronautique naval yugoslave des années 20 à Avril 1941" [Yugoslav Naval Aviation from the Twenties to April 1941]. Avions: Toute l'aéronautique et son histoire (in French) (2): 2–12. ISSN 1243-8650.
Nikolic, Djordie & Ognjevic, Akeksandar M. (2021). Dornier: The Yugoslav Saga 1926-2007. Lublin, Poland: Kagero Publishing. ISBN 978-83-66673-61-8.
Stroud, John (1966). European Transport Aircraft since 1910. London, UK: Putnam.
Stroud, John (January 1984). "Wings of Peace—Part 4: Dornier Komet and Merkur". Aeroplane Monthly. Vol. 12, no. 1. pp. 34–39. ISSN 0143-7240.
Tassell, Roy (May–June 1999). "Round-Out". Air Enthusiast (81): 78. ISSN 0143-5450.
Zuerl, Walter (1941). Deutsche Flugzeug Konstrukteure. München, Germany: Curt Pechstein Verlag.
"The "Dornier Mercury" commercial airplane with B.M.W. VI 600 HP. engine" National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, 1 February 1927. NACA-AC-30, 93R18580.

External links

German aircraft between 1919 and 1945 Archived 30 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine

[Lailes1-1] "Les avions Dornier". Les Ailes (8): 2. 11 August 1921.

[2] "A New German All-Metal Machine". Flight. XIII (13): 223–224. 31 March 1921.

[Lailes2-3] Serryer, J (19 February 1925). "L'Avion Dornier "Komet" III". Les Ailes (192): 2.

[naca_1-4] NACA 1927, p. 1.

[naca_23-5] NACA 1927, pp. 2-3.

[naca_78-6] NACA 1927, p. 7-8.

[naca_1,2-7] NACA 1927, pp. 1-2.

[naca_2-8] NACA 1927, p. 2.

[naca_4-9] NACA 1927, p. 4.

[naca_3-10] NACA 1927, p. 3.

[naca_36-11] NACA 1927, pp. 3, 6.

[naca_34-12] NACA 1927, pp. 3-4.

[naca_145-13] NACA 1927, pp. 1, 4-5.

[naca_5-14] NACA 1927, p. 5.

[naca_910-15] NACA 1927, pp. 9-10.

[Aero616_p52-16] Hooks Aeroplane June 2016, p. 52.

[Aero616_p51-17] Hooks Aeroplane June 2016, p. 51.

[Aero616_p52-3-18] Hooks Aeroplane June 2016, pp. 52–53.

[Aero616_p51-2-19] Hooks Aeroplane June 2016, pp. 51–52.

[Stroud1910_p246-20] Stroud 1966, p. 246.

[21] Donald 1995, p. 347.

[StroudWoP_p39-22] Stroud Aeroplane Monthly January 1984, p. 39.

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v t e Dornier and Zeppelin-Lindau aircraft
Zeppelin-Lindau 1914-1919	Rs.I Rs.II Rs.III Rs.IV CL.I CL.II CS.I D.I Gs.I Gs.II V 1
Dornier designations 1919-1933	Do A Do B Do C Do D Do E Do F Do G (project) Do H Do J Do K Do L Do N Do O Do P Do Q Do R Do S Do T Do U Do V Do X Do Y Delphin Falke Komet Libelle Merkur Spatz Wal
RLM designations 1933-1945	Do 10 Do 11 Do 12 Do 13 Do 14 Do 15 Do 16 Do 17 (Operational history) Do 18 Do 19 Do 20 Do 22 Do 23 Do 24 Do 25 Do 26 Do 29 Do 212 Do 214 Do 215 Do 216 Do 217 Do 317 Do 318 Do 335 Do 417 Do 435 Do 635 P.59 P.85 P.174 P.184 P.192 P.231 P.232 P.238 P.247 P.252 P.254 P.256 P.273 P.1075
Dornier designations post-1945	Do 24 Do 25 Do 27 Do 28 Do 29 Do 31 Do 32 Do 32K Do 34 128 Do 131 Do 132 228 Do 231 328 328JET 428 528 728JET 928JET Aerodyne Alpha Jet Projekt 621 Seastar S-Ray 007
See also Claude Dornier and Dornier Museum Friedrichshafen