Eriophorum
| Eriophorum | |
|---|---|
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| Eriophorum vaginatum | |
Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Monocots |
| Clade: | Commelinids |
| Order: | Poales |
| Family: | Cyperaceae |
| Genus: | Eriophorum L. |
| Type species | |
| Eriophorum vaginatum | |
| Synonyms[2] | |
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Heterotypic synonyms
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Eriophorum (cottongrass, cotton-grass or cottonsedge) is a genus of flowering plants in the family Cyperaceae, the sedge family. They are found throughout the arctic, subarctic, and temperate portions of the Northern Hemisphere in acid bog habitats, being particularly abundant in Arctic tundra regions.[3][4][5]
Description
[edit]They are herbaceous perennial plants with slender, grass-like leaves. The seed heads are covered in a fluffy mass of cotton-like fibers which are carried on the wind to aid dispersal. The cotton grass also maintains a height of 12 inches and around 2 inches in water. In cold Arctic regions, these masses of translucent fibres also serve as 'down' – increasing the temperature of the reproductive organs during the Arctic summer by trapping solar radiation.[6]
Taxonomy
[edit]In 1753, Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus established genus Eriophorum by recognizing four species, Eriophorum vaginatum, Eriophorum polystachion, Eriophorum virginicum, and Eriophorum alpinum.[7][8] Eriophorum polystachion L. is a rejected name.[9] It is considered to be a synonym for Eriophorum angustifolium Honck. subsp. angustifolium.[10] Eriophorum alpinum L. is a synonym for Trichophorum alpinum (L.) Pers..[11]
Accepted taxa
[edit]As of August 2024[update], the following taxa are accepted by Plants of the World Online (POWO):[2]
| Name/Author | Year described | Year published | Distribution |
|---|---|---|---|
| Eriophorum angustifolium Honck. | 1782 | 1782 | Widespread across Europe, Asia, North America |
| Eriophorum arcticum (M.S.Novos.) Schekhovts. | 1994 | 2023 | Siberia |
| Eriophorum × beringianum Raymond (E. angustifolium × E. chamissonis) |
1957 | 1957 | Alaska including Aleutians; Magadan region of Russia |
| Eriophorum brachyantherum Trautv. & C.A.Mey. | 1856 | 1856 | Scandinavia, northern Russia, Mongolia, Korea, Alaska, northern Canada |
| Eriophorum callitrix Cham. ex C.A.Mey. | 1831 | 1831 | Siberia, Russian Far East, Alaska, Canada, Greenland, Montana, Wyoming |
| Eriophorum chamissonis C.A.Mey. | 1831 | 1831 | Siberia, Russian Far East, Korea, Mongolia, Alaska, Canada, Greenland, northern and western United States |
| Eriophorum × churchillianum Lepage (E. triste × E. vaginatum) |
1957 | 1957 | Alaska |
| Eriophorum × fellowsii (Fernald) M.S.Novos. (E. virginicum × E. viridicarinatum) |
1905 | 1995 | Ontario, Maine, Massachusetts |
| Eriophorum gracile Roth[12] | 1799 | 1799 | Much of Europe; northern and Central Asia; China, Tibet, Mongolia, Alaska, Canada, northern United States |
| Eriophorum × gracilifolium M.S.Novos. (E. gracile × E. latifolium) |
1994 | 1994 | European Russia |
| Eriophorum humile Turcz. | 1838 | 1838 | Altai, Tuva, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Amur |
| Eriophorum latifolium Hoppe | 1801 | 1801 | Much of Europe; Caucasus, Turkey, Mongolia |
| Eriophorum × medium Andersson (E. chamissonis × E. scheuchzeri) |
1857 | 1857 | Scattered locations in Finland, Norway, Russia, Alaska, Quebec, Labrador |
| Eriophorum × pylaieanum Raymond (E. chamissonis × E. vaginatum) |
1951 | 1951 | Scattered locations in Canada and Alaska |
| Eriophorum × rousseauianum Raymond (E. angustifolium × E. scheuchzeri) |
1950 | 1950 | Alaska, Quebec |
| Eriophorum scheuchzeri Hoppe | 1801 | 1801 | Much of Europe; northern and Central Asia including Siberia, Xinjiang, Himalayas, Alaska, Greenland, Canada, mountains of western United States |
| Eriophorum tenellum Nutt. | 1818 | 1818 | Eastern Canada and northeastern United States from Nunavut and Labrador to New Jersey |
| Eriophorum tolmatchevii M.S.Novos. | 1994 | 1994 | Krasnoyarsk, Yakutiya |
| Eriophorum transiens Raymond | 1959 | 1959 | Guizhou |
| Eriophorum triste (Th.Fr.) Hadac & Á.Löve | 1869 | 1950 | Finland, North America and temperate regions of Asia |
| Eriophorum vaginatum L. | 1753 | 1753 | Most of genus range |
| Eriophorum virginicum L. | 1753 | 1753 | Eastern North America from Labrador to Tennessee, west to Michigan |
| Eriophorum viridicarinatum (Engelm.) Fernald | 1844 | 1905 | Canada including Arctic territories; northern United States |
World Flora Online (WFO) accepts all of the above taxa except Eriophorum arcticum.[13] In addition, WFO accepts Eriophorum × polystachiovaginatum whereas POWO does not.
Other taxa
[edit]In 1942, the American agrostologist and botanist Alan Ackerman Beetle placed the species Scirpus criniger A.Gray into genus Eriophorum.[14] In 2012, the taxon previously known as Eriophorum crinigerum (A.Gray) Beetle was segregated into genus Calliscirpus, and so Eriophorum crinigerum is a synonym for Calliscirpus criniger (A.Gray) C.N.Gilmour, J.R.Starr & Naczi.[15]
In 1957, the Canadian botanist Louis-Florent-Marcel Raymond placed Scirpus scabriculmis Beetle into genus Eriophorum.[16] In 2019, the taxon previously known as Eriophorum scabriculme (Beetle) Raymond was segregated into genus Trichophorum.[17] Hence Eriophorum scabriculme is a synonym for Trichophorum scabriculme (Beetle) J.R.Starr, Lév.-Bourret & B.A.Ford.[18]
The invalidly published name Eriophorum × polystachiovaginatum Beauverd is a synonym for Eriophorum × beauverdii Soó but the latter is unplaced by POWO.[19]
Subdivisions
[edit]In 1849, the Swedish botanist and traveller Nils Johan Andersson placed the European species of Eriophorum into two new sections:
Eriophorum section Vaginata:[20]
- Eriophorum vaginatum
- Eriophorum capitatum (a synonym for Eriophorum scheuchzeri)
- Eriophorum russeolum (a synonym for Eriophorum chamissonis)
Eriophorum section Phyllanthela:[21]
- Eriophorum angustifolium
- Eriophorum latifolium
- Eriophorum gracile
In 1905, the American botanist Merritt Lyndon Fernald placed the North American species of Eriophorum into Andersson's sections as follows:
Eriophorum section Vaginata:
- Eriophorum scheuchzeri
- Eriophorum chamissonis
- Eriophorum vaginatum
- Eriophorum callitrix
- Eriophorum opacum n. comb. (a synonym for Eriophorum brachyantherum)
Eriophorum section Phyllanthela:
- Eriophorum gracile
- Eriophorum tenellum
- Eriophorum polystachion (a synonym for Eriophorum angustifolium)
- Eriophorum viridicarinatum n. comb.
- Eriophorum virginicum
Uses
[edit]Paper and the wicks of candles have been made of its fiber, and pillows stuffed with the same material. The leaves were formerly used in treating diarrhea, and the spongy pith of the stem for the removal of tapeworm.[22]
References
[edit]- ^ "Eriophorum". Tropicos. Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved 20 August 2024.
- ^ a b "Eriophorum L.". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 20 August 2024.
- ^ Ball, Peter W.; Wujek, Daniel E. (2002). "Eriophorum". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA). Vol. 23. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press. Retrieved 20 August 2024 – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
- ^ Flora Europaea: Eriophorum
- ^ Liang, Prof. Song-Yun; Tucker, Gordon C.; Simpson, David A. "Eriophorum". Flora of China. Vol. 23. Retrieved 20 August 2024 – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
- ^ Crawford, R. M. M. (1989). Studies in Plant Survival. Blackwell Science. pp. 54–55.
- ^ Linnaeus (1753), pp. 52–53.
- ^ "Eriophorum L.". International Plant Names Index (IPNI). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries; Australian National Botanic Gardens. Retrieved 21 August 2024.
- ^ Ball, Peter W.; Wujek, Daniel E. (2002). "Eriophorum angustifolium". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA). Vol. 23. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press. Retrieved 22 August 2024 – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
- ^ "Eriophorum polystachion L.". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 22 August 2024.
- ^ "Eriophorum alpinum L.". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 22 August 2024.
- ^ "Eriophorum gracile Roth". International Plant Names Index (IPNI). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries; Australian National Botanic Gardens. Retrieved 20 August 2024.
- ^ "Eriophorum L.". WFO Plant List. Retrieved 21 August 2024.
- ^ "Eriophorum crinigerum (A.Gray) Beetle". International Plant Names Index (IPNI). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries; Australian National Botanic Gardens. Retrieved 21 August 2024.
- ^ "Eriophorum crinigerum (A.Gray) Beetle". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 21 August 2024.
- ^ "Eriophorum scabriculme (Beetle) Raymond". International Plant Names Index (IPNI). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries; Australian National Botanic Gardens. Retrieved 21 August 2024.
- ^ Starr et al., pp. 20–25.
- ^ "Eriophorum scabriculme (Beetle) Raymond". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 21 August 2024.
- ^ "Eriophorum × beauverdii Soó". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 21 August 2024.
- ^ "Eriophorum sect. Vaginata Andersson". International Plant Names Index (IPNI). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries; Australian National Botanic Gardens. Retrieved 21 August 2024.
- ^ "Eriophorum sect. Phyllanthela Andersson". International Plant Names Index (IPNI). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries; Australian National Botanic Gardens. Retrieved 21 August 2024.
- ^ This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: . Collier's New Encyclopedia. 1921.
Bibliography
[edit]- Fernald, M. L. (May 1905). "The North American species of Eriophorum. Part 1: Synopsis of American species". Rhodora. 7 (77): 81–92. Retrieved 20 August 2024.
- Fernald, M. L. (July 1905). "The North American species of Eriophorum. Part 2: Notes on the preceding synopsis". Rhodora. 7 (79): 129–136. Retrieved 20 August 2024.
- Linnaeus, Carl (1753). Species Plantarum: exhibentes plantas rite cognitas, ad genera relatas, cum differentiis specificis, nominibus trivialibus, synonymis selectis, locis natalibus, secundum systema sexuale digestas (1st ed.). Stockholm: Impensis Laurentii Salvii. Retrieved 21 August 2024.
- Raymond, Marcel (1954). "What is Eriophorum chamissonis C. A. Meyer?" (PDF). Svensk Bot. Tidskr. 48 (1): 65–82. Retrieved 20 August 2024.
- Starr, Julian R.; Léveillé-Bourret, Étienne; Vu, Anh Tài; Nguyên, Thi Kim Thanh; Ford, Bruce A. (2019). "The rediscovery of the rare Vietnamese endemic Eriophorum scabriculme redefines generic limits in the Scirpo-Caricoid Clade (Cyperaceae)". PeerJ. 7:e7538. doi:10.7717/peerj.7538. PMC 6765354. PMID 31579569.
- Tucker, Gordon C.; Miller, Norton G. (1990). "Achene microstructure in Eriophorum L. (Cyperaceae): systematic implications and paleobotanical applications" (PDF). Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. 117 (3): 266–283. Retrieved 20 August 2024.
External links
[edit]
- "Eriophorum L. (1753), Sp. Pl. 52". Retrieved 20 August 2024.
- "Eriophorum subgen. Phyllanthela (Andersson) T.V.Egorova". International Plant Names Index (IPNI). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries; Australian National Botanic Gardens. Retrieved 20 August 2024.
- "Eriophorum L., Sp. Pl. 52 (1753)". eMonocot. Archived from the original on January 3, 2014. Retrieved May 10, 2013.
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