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Comparison of data-serialization formats

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This is a comparison of data serialization formats, various ways to convert complex objects to sequences of bits. It does not include markup languages used exclusively as document file formats.

Overview

[edit]
Name Creator-maintainer Based on Standardized?[definition needed] Specification Binary? Human-readable? Supports references?e Schema-IDL? Standard APIs Supports zero-copy operations
Apache Arrow Apache Software Foundation — De facto Arrow Columnar Format Yes No Yes Built-in C, C++, C#, Go, Java, JavaScript, Julia, Matlab, Python, R, Ruby, Rust, Swift Yes
Apache Avro Apache Software Foundation — No Apache Avro™ Specification Yes Partialg — Built-in C, C#, C++, Java, PHP, Python, Ruby —
Apache Parquet Apache Software Foundation — No Apache Parquet Yes No No — Java, Python, C++ No
Apache Thrift Facebook (creator)
Apache (maintainer) 		— No Original whitepaper Yes Partialc No Built-in C++, Java, Python, PHP, Ruby, Erlang, Perl, Haskell, C#, Cocoa, JavaScript, Node.js, Smalltalk, OCaml, Delphi and other languages[1] —
ASN.1 ISO, IEC, ITU-T — Yes ISO/IEC 8824 / ITU-T X.680 (syntax) and ISO/IEC 8825 / ITU-T X.690 (encoding rules) series. X.680, X.681, and X.683 define syntax and semantics. BER, DER, PER, OER, or custom via ECN XER, JER, GSER, or custom via ECN Yesf Built-in — OER
Bencode Bram Cohen (creator)
BitTorrent, Inc. (maintainer) 		— De facto as BEP Part of BitTorrent protocol specification Except numbers and delimiters, being ASCII No No No No No
BSON MongoDB JSON No BSON Specification Yes No No No No No
Cap'n Proto Kenton Varda — No Cap'n Proto Encoding Spec Yes Partialh No Yes No Yes
CBOR Carsten Bormann, P. Hoffman MessagePack[2] Yes RFC 8949 Yes No Yes,
through tagging 		CDDL FIDO2 No
Comma-separated values (CSV) RFC author:
Yakov Shafranovich 		— Myriad informal variants RFC 4180
(among others) 		No Yes No No No No
Common Data Representation (CDR) Object Management Group — Yes General Inter-ORB Protocol Yes No Yes Yes Ada, C, C++, Java, Cobol, Lisp, Python, Ruby, Smalltalk —
D-Bus Message Protocol freedesktop.org — Yes D-Bus Specification Yes No No Partial
(Signature strings) 		Yes —
Efficient XML Interchange (EXI) W3C XML, Efficient XML Yes Efficient XML Interchange (EXI) Format 1.0 Yes XML XPointer, XPath XML Schema DOM, SAX, StAX, XQuery, XPath —
Extensible Data Notation (edn) Rich Hickey / Clojure community Clojure Yes Official edn spec No Yes No No Clojure, Ruby, Go, C++, Javascript, Java, CLR, ObjC, Python[3] No
FlatBuffers Google — No Flatbuffers GitHub Yes Apache Arrow Partial
(internal to the buffer) 		Yes C++, Java, C#, Go, Python, Rust, JavaScript, PHP, C, Dart, Lua, TypeScript Yes
Fast Infoset ISO, IEC, ITU-T XML Yes ITU-T X.891 and ISO/IEC 24824-1:2007 Yes No XPointer, XPath XML schema DOM, SAX, XQuery, XPath —
FHIR Health Level 7 REST basics Yes Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources Yes Yes Yes Yes Hapi for FHIR[4] JSON, XML, Turtle No
Ion Amazon JSON No The Amazon Ion Specification Yes Yes No Ion schema C, C#, Go, Java, JavaScript, Python, Rust —
Java serialization Oracle Corporation — Yes Java Object Serialization Yes No Yes No Yes —
JSON Douglas Crockford JavaScript syntax Yes STD 90/RFC 8259
(ancillary:
RFC 6901,
RFC 6902), ECMA-404, ISO/IEC 21778:2017 		No, but see BSON, Smile, UBJSON Yes JSON Pointer (RFC 6901), or alternately, JSONPath, JPath, JSPON, json:select(); and JSON-LD Partial
(JSON Schema Proposal, ASN.1 with JER, Kwalify Archived 2021-08-12 at the Wayback Machine, Rx, JSON-LD 		Partial
(Clarinet, JSONQuery / RQL, JSONPath), JSON-LD 		No
MessagePack Sadayuki Furuhashi JSON (loosely) No MessagePack format specification Yes No No No No Yes
Netstrings Dan Bernstein — No netstrings.txt Except ASCII delimiters Yes No No No Yes
OGDL Rolf Veen ? No Specification Binary specification Yes Path specification Schema WD —
OPC-UA Binary OPC Foundation — No opcfoundation.org Yes No Yes No No —
OpenDDL Eric Lengyel C, PHP No OpenDDL.org No Yes Yes No OpenDDL library —
PHP serialization format PHP Group — Yes No Yes Yes Yes No Yes —
Pickle (Python) Guido van Rossum Python De facto as PEPs PEP 3154 – Pickle protocol version 4 Yes No Yes[5] No Yes No
Property list NeXT (creator)
Apple (maintainer) 		? Partial Public DTD for XML format Yesa Yesb No ? Cocoa, CoreFoundation, OpenStep, GnuStep No
Protocol Buffers (protobuf) Google — No Developer Guide: Encoding, proto2 specification, and proto3 specification Yes Yesd No Built-in C++, Java, C#, Python, Go, Ruby, Objective-C, C, Dart, Perl, PHP, R, Rust, Scala, Swift, Julia, Erlang, D, Haskell, ActionScript, Delphi, Elixir, Elm, Erlang, GopherJS, Haskell, Haxe, JavaScript, Kotlin, Lua, Matlab, Mercurt, OCaml, Prolog, Solidity, Typescript, Vala, Visual Basic No
S-expressions John McCarthy (original)
Ron Rivest (internet draft) 		Lisp, Netstrings Largely de facto "S-Expressions" Archived 2013-10-07 at the Wayback Machine Internet Draft Yes, canonical representation Yes, advanced transport representation No No —
Smile Tatu Saloranta JSON No Smile Format Specification Yes No Yes Partial
(JSON Schema Proposal, other JSON schemas/IDLs) 		Partial
(via JSON APIs implemented with Smile backend, on Jackson, Python) 		—
SOAP W3C XML Yes W3C Recommendations:
SOAP/1.1
SOAP/1.2 		Partial
(Efficient XML Interchange, Binary XML, Fast Infoset, MTOM, XSD base64 data) 		Yes Built-in id/ref, XPointer, XPath WSDL, XML schema DOM, SAX, XQuery, XPath —
Structured Data eXchange Formats Max Wildgrube — Yes RFC 3072 Yes No No No —
UBJSON The Buzz Media, LLC JSON, BSON No ubjson.org Yes No No No No —
eXternal Data Representation (XDR) Sun Microsystems (creator)
IETF (maintainer) 		— Yes STD 67/RFC 4506 Yes No Yes Yes Yes —
XML W3C SGML Yes W3C Recommendations:
1.0 (Fifth Edition)
1.1 (Second Edition) 		Partial
(Efficient XML Interchange, Binary XML, Fast Infoset, XSD base64 data) 		Yes XPointer, XPath XML schema, RELAX NG DOM, SAX, XQuery, XPath —
XML-RPC Dave Winer[6] XML No XML-RPC Specification No Yes No No No No
YAML Clark Evans,
Ingy döt Net,
and Oren Ben-Kiki 		C, Java, Perl, Python, Ruby, Email, HTML, MIME, URI, XML, SAX, SOAP, JSON[7] No Version 1.2 No Yes Yes Partial
(Kwalify Archived 2021-08-12 at the Wayback Machine, Rx, built-in language type-defs) 		No No
Name Creator-maintainer Based on Standardized? Specification Binary? Human-readable? Supports references?e Schema-IDL? Standard APIs Supports zero-copy operations
  1. ^ The current default format is binary.
  2. ^ The "classic" format is plain text, and an XML format is also supported.
  3. ^ Theoretically possible due to abstraction, but no implementation is included.
  4. ^ The primary format is binary, but text and JSON formats are available.[8][9]
  5. ^ Means that generic tools/libraries know how to encode, decode, and dereference a reference to another piece of data in the same document. A tool may require the IDL file, but no more. Excludes custom, non-standardized referencing techniques.
  6. ^ ASN.1 has X.681 (Information Object System), X.682 (Constraints), and X.683 (Parameterization) that allow for the precise specification of open types where the types of values can be identified by integers, by OIDs, etc. OIDs are a standard format for globally unique identifiers, as well as a standard notation ("absolute reference") for referencing a component of a value. For example, PKIX uses such notation in RFC 5912. With such notation (constraints on parameterized types using information object sets), generic ASN.1 tools/libraries can automatically encode/decode/resolve references within a document.
  7. ^ The primary format is binary, a json encoder is available.[10]
  8. ^ The primary format is binary, but a text format is available.

Syntax comparison of human-readable formats

[edit]
Format Null Boolean true Boolean false Integer Floating-point String Array Associative array/Object
ASN.1
(XML Encoding Rules) 		<foo /> <foo>true</foo> <foo>false</foo> <foo>685230</foo> <foo>6.8523015e+5</foo> <foo>A to Z</foo> 
<SeqOfUnrelatedDatatypes>
    <isMarried>true</isMarried>
    <hobby />
    <velocity>-42.1e7</velocity>
    <bookname>A to Z</bookname>
    <bookname>We said, "no".</bookname>
</SeqOfUnrelatedDatatypes>
An object (the key is a field name): 
<person>
    <isMarried>true</isMarried>
    <hobby />
    <height>1.85</height>
    <name>Bob Peterson</name>
</person>

A data mapping (the key is a data value): 

<competition>
    <measurement>
        <name>John</name>
        <height>3.14</height>
    </measurement>
    <measurement>
        <name>Jane</name>
        <height>2.718</height>
    </measurement>
</competition>

a

CSVb nulla
(or an empty element in the row)a 		1a
truea 		0a
falsea 		685230
-685230a 		6.8523015e+5a A to Z
"We said, ""no""." 		true,,-42.1e7,"A to Z" 
42,1
A to Z,1,2,3
edn nil true false 685230
-685230 		6.8523015e+5 "A to Z", "A \"up to\" Z" [true nil -42.1e7 "A to Z"] {:kw 1, "42" true, "A to Z" [1 2 3]}
Format Null Boolean true Boolean false Integer Floating-point String Array Associative array/Object
Ion

null
null.null
null.bool
null.int
null.float
null.decimal
null.timestamp
null.string
null.symbol
null.blob
null.clob
null.struct
null.list
null.sexp

true false 685230
-685230
0xA74AE
0b111010010101110 		6.8523015e5 "A to Z"

'''
A
to
Z
''' 
[true, null, -42.1e7, "A to Z"]

{'42': true, 'A to Z': [1, 2, 3]}
Netstringsc 0:,a
4:null,a 		1:1,a
4:true,a 		1:0,a
5:false,a 		6:685230,a 9:6.8523e+5,a 6:A to Z, 29:4:true,0:,7:-42.1e7,6:A to Z,, 41:9:2:42,1:1,,25:6:A to Z,12:1:1,1:2,1:3,,,,a
JSON null true false 685230
-685230 		6.8523015e+5 "A to Z" 
[true, null, -42.1e7, "A to Z"]

{"42": true, "A to Z": [1, 2, 3]}
OGDL[verification needed] nulla truea falsea 685230a 6.8523015e+5a "A to Z"
'A to Z'
NoSpaces 
true
null
-42.1e7
"A to Z"

(true, null, -42.1e7, "A to Z") 

42
  true
"A to Z"
  1
  2
  3
42
  true
"A to Z", (1, 2, 3)
Format Null Boolean true Boolean false Integer Floating-point String Array Associative array/Object
OpenDDL ref {null} bool {true} bool {false} int32 {685230}
int32 {0x74AE}
int32 {0b111010010101110} 		float {6.8523015e+5} string {"A to Z"} Homogeneous array: 
int32 {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}

Heterogeneous array: 

array
{
    bool {true}
    ref {null}
    float {-42.1e7}
    string {"A to Z"}
}
 
dict
{
    value (key = "42") {bool {true}}
    value (key = "A to Z") {int32 {1, 2, 3}}
}
PHP serialization format N; b:1; b:0; i:685230;
i:-685230; 		d:685230.15;d
d:INF;
d:-INF;
d:NAN; 		s:6:"A to Z"; a:4:{i:0;b:1;i:1;N;i:2;d:-421000000;i:3;s:6:"A to Z";} Associative array:
a:2:{i:42;b:1;s:6:"A to Z";a:3:{i:0;i:1;i:1;i:2;i:2;i:3;}}
Object:
O:8:"stdClass":2:{s:4:"John";d:3.14;s:4:"Jane";d:2.718;}d
Pickle (Python) N. I01\n. I00\n. I685230\n. F685230.15\n. S'A to Z'\n. (lI01\na(laF-421000000.0\naS'A to Z'\na. (dI42\nI01\nsS'A to Z'\n(lI1\naI2\naI3\nas.
Property list
(plain text format)[11] 		— <*BY> <*BN> <*I685230> <*R6.8523015e+5> "A to Z" ( <*BY>, <*R-42.1e7>, "A to Z" ) 
{
    "42" = <*BY>;
    "A to Z" = ( <*I1>, <*I2>, <*I3> );
}
Property list
(XML format)[12] 		— <true /> <false /> <integer>685230</integer> <real>6.8523015e+5</real> <string>A to Z</string> 
<array>
    <true />
    <real>-42.1e7</real>
    <string>A to Z</string>
</array>

<dict>
    <key>42</key>
    <true />
    <key>A to Z</key>
    <array>
        <integer>1</integer>
        <integer>2</integer>
        <integer>3</integer>
    </array>
</dict>
Protocol Buffers — true false 685230
-685230 		20.0855369 "A to Z"
"sdfff2 \000\001\002\377\376\375"
"q\tqq<>q2&\001\377" 
field1: "value1"
field1: "value2"
field1: "value3

anotherfield {
  foo: 123
  bar: 456
}
anotherfield {
  foo: 222
  bar: 333
}

thing1: "blahblah"
thing2: 18923743
thing3: -44
thing4 {
  submessage_field1: "foo"
  submessage_field2: false
}
enumeratedThing: SomeEnumeratedValue
thing5: 123.456
[extensionFieldFoo]: "etc"
[extensionFieldThatIsAnEnum]: EnumValue
Format Null Boolean true Boolean false Integer Floating-point String Array Associative array/Object
S-expressions NIL
nil 		T
#tf
true 		NIL
#ff
false 		685230 6.8523015e+5 abc
"abc"
#616263#
3:abc
{MzphYmM=}
|YWJj| 		(T NIL -42.1e7 "A to Z") ((42 T) ("A to Z" (1 2 3)))
YAML ~
null
Null
NULL[13] 		y
Y
yes
Yes
YES
on
On
ON
true
True
TRUE[14] 		n
N
no
No
NO
off
Off
OFF
false
False
FALSE[14] 		685230
+685_230
-685230
02472256
0x_0A_74_AE
0b1010_0111_0100_1010_1110
190:20:30[15] 		6.8523015e+5
685.230_15e+03
685_230.15
190:20:30.15
.inf
-.inf
.Inf
.INF
.NaN
.nan
.NAN[16] 		A to Z
"A to Z"
'A to Z' 		[y, ~, -42.1e7, "A to Z"] 
- y
-
- -42.1e7
- A to Z
 {"John":3.14, "Jane":2.718} 
42: y
A to Z: [1, 2, 3]
XMLe and SOAP <null />a true false 685230 6.8523015e+5 A to Z 
<item>true</item>
<item xsi:nil="true"/>
<item>-42.1e7</item>
<item>A to Z<item>

<map>
  <entry key="42">true</entry>
  <entry key="A to Z">
    <item val="1"/>
    <item val="2"/>
    <item val="3"/>
  </entry>
</map>
XML-RPC <value><boolean>1</boolean></value> <value><boolean>0</boolean></value> <value><int>685230</int></value> <value><double>6.8523015e+5</double></value> <value><string>A to Z</string></value> 
<value><array>
  <data>
  <value><boolean>1</boolean></value>
  <value><double>-42.1e7</double></value>
  <value><string>A to Z</string></value>
  </data>
  </array></value>

<value><struct>
  <member>
    <name>42</name>
    <value><boolean>1</boolean></value>
    </member>
  <member>
    <name>A to Z</name>
    <value>
      <array>
        <data>
          <value><int>1</int></value>
          <value><int>2</int></value>
          <value><int>3</int></value>
          </data>
        </array>
      </value>
    </member>
</struct>
  1. ^ Omitted XML elements are commonly decoded by XML data binding tools as NULLs. Shown here is another possible encoding; XML schema does not define an encoding for this datatype.
  2. ^ The RFC CSV specification only deals with delimiters, newlines, and quote characters; it does not directly deal with serializing programming data structures.
  3. ^ The netstrings specification only deals with nested byte strings; anything else is outside the scope of the specification.
  4. ^ PHP will unserialize any floating-point number correctly, but will serialize them to their full decimal expansion. For example, 3.14 will be serialized to 3.140000000000000124344978758017532527446746826171875.
  5. ^ XML data bindings and SOAP serialization tools provide type-safe XML serialization of programming data structures into XML. Shown are XML values that can be placed in XML elements and attributes.
  6. ^ This syntax is not compatible with the Internet-Draft, but is used by some dialects of Lisp.

Comparison of binary formats

[edit]
Format Null Booleans Integer Floating-point String Array Associative array/object
ASN.1
(BER, PER or OER encoding) 		NULL type BOOLEAN:
  • BER: as 1 byte in binary form;
  • PER: as 1 bit;
  • OER: as 1 byte
 INTEGER:
  • BER: variable-length big-endian binary representation (up to 221024 bits);
  • PER Unaligned: a fixed number of bits if the integer type has a finite range; a variable number of bits otherwise;
  • PER Aligned: a fixed number of bits if the integer type has a finite range and the size of the range is less than 65536; a variable number of octets otherwise;
  • OER: 1, 2, or 4 octets (either signed or unsigned) if the integer type has a finite range that fits in that number of octets; a variable number of octets otherwise
 REAL:
  • base-10 real values are represented as character strings in ISO 6093 format;
  • binary real values are represented in a binary format that includes the mantissa, the base (2, 8, or 16), and the exponent;
  • the special values NaN, -INF, +INF, and negative zero are also supported
 Multiple valid types (VisibleString, PrintableString, GeneralString, UniversalString, UTF8String) Data specifications SET OF (unordered) and SEQUENCE OF (guaranteed order) User definable type
BSON \x0A
(1 byte) 		True: \x08\x01
False: \x08\x00
(2 bytes) 		int32: 32-bit little-endian 2's complement or int64: 64-bit little-endian 2's complement Double: little-endian binary64 UTF-8-encoded, preceded by int32-encoded string length in bytes BSON embedded document with numeric keys BSON embedded document
Concise Binary Object Representation (CBOR) \xf6
(1 byte)
  • True: \xf5
  • False: \xf4

(1 byte)

  • Small positive/negative \x00–\x17 & \x20–\x37 (1 byte)
  • 8-bit: positive \x18, negative \x38 (+ 1 byte)
  • 16-bit: positive \x19, negative \x39 (+ 2 bytes)
  • 32-bit: positive \x1A, negative \x3A (+ 4 bytes)
  • 64-bit: positive \x1B, negative \x3B (+ 8 bytes)
  • Negative x encoded as (−x − 1)
  • IEEE half/single/double \xf9–\xfb (+ 2–8 bytes)
  • Decimals and bigfloats (4+ bytes) encoded as \xc4 tag + 2-item array of integer mantissa & exponent
  • Length and content (1–9 bytes overhead)
  • Bytestring \x40–\x5f
  • UTF-8 \x60–\x7f
  • Indefinite partial strings \x5f and \x7f stitched together until \xff.
  • Length and items \x80–\x9e
  • Indefinite list \x9f terminated by \xff entry.
  • Length (in pairs) and items \xa0–\xbe
  • Indefinite map \xbf terminated by \xff key.
Efficient XML Interchange (EXI)[a]

(Unpreserved lexical values format)

xsi:nil is not allowed in binary context. 1–2 bit integer interpreted as boolean. Boolean sign, plus arbitrary length 7-bit octets, parsed until most-significant bit is 0, in little-endian. The schema can set the zero-point to any arbitrary number.

Unsigned skips the boolean flag.

  • Float: integer mantissa and integer exponent.
  • Decimal: boolean sign, integer whole value, integer fractional.
 Length prefixed integer-encoded Unicode. Integers may represent enumerations or string table entries instead. Length prefixed set of items. Not in protocol.
FlatBuffers Encoded as absence of field in parent object
  • True: \x01
  • False: \x00

(1 byte)

Little-endian 2's complement signed and unsigned 8/16/32/64 bits
UTF-8-encoded, preceded by 32-bit integer length of string in bytes Vectors of any other type, preceded by 32-bit integer length of number of elements Tables (schema defined types) or Vectors sorted by key (maps / dictionaries)
Ion[18] \x0f[b]
  • True: \x11
  • False: \x10
  • Positive \x2x, negative \x3x
  • Zero is always encoded in tag byte.
  • BigInts over 13 bytes (104 bits) have 1+ byte overhead for length
  • \x44 (32-bit float)
  • \x48 (64-bit float)
  • Zero is always encoded in tag byte.
  • UTF-8: \x8x
  • Other strings: \x9x
  • Arbitrary length and overhead
 \xbx Arbitrary length and overhead. Length in octets.
  • Structs (numbered fields): \xdx
  • Annotations (named fields): \xex
MessagePack \xc0
  • True: \xc3
  • False: \xc2
  • Single byte "fixnum" (values −32 – 127)
  • or typecode (1 byte) + big-endian (u)int8/16/32/64
 Typecode (1 byte) + IEEE single/double
  • Typecode + up to 15 bytes
  • or typecode + length as uint8/16/32 + bytes;

encoding is unspecified[19]

  • As "fixarray" (single-byte prefix + up to 15 array items)
  • or typecode (1 byte) + 2–4 bytes length + array items
  • As "fixmap" (single-byte prefix + up to 15 key-value pairs)
  • or typecode (1 byte) + 2–4 bytes length + key-value pairs
Netstrings[c] Not in protocol. Not in protocol. Not in protocol. Not in protocol. Length-encoded as an ASCII string + ':' + data + ','

Length counts only octets between ':' and ','

Not in protocol. Not in protocol.
OGDL Binary
Property list
(binary format)
Protocol Buffers
  • Variable encoding length signed 32-bit: varint encoding of "ZigZag"-encoded value (n << 1) XOR (n >> 31)
  • Variable encoding length signed 64-bit: varint encoding of "ZigZag"-encoded (n << 1) XOR (n >> 63)
  • Constant encoding length 32-bit: 32 bits in little-endian 2's complement
  • Constant encoding length 64-bit: 64 bits in little-endian 2's complement
UTF-8-encoded, preceded by varint-encoded integer length of string in bytes Repeated value with the same tag or, for varint-encoded integers only, values packed contiguously and prefixed by tag and total byte length —
Smile \x21
  • True: \x23
  • False: \x22
  • Single byte "small" (values −16 – 15 encoded as \xc0–\xdf),
  • zigzag-encoded varints (1–11 data bytes), or BigInteger
 IEEE single/double, BigDecimal Length-prefixed "short" Strings (up to 64 bytes), marker-terminated "long" Strings and (optional) back-references Arbitrary-length heterogenous arrays with end-marker Arbitrary-length key/value pairs with end-marker
Structured Data eXchange Formats (SDXF) Big-endian signed 24-bit or 32-bit integer Big-endian IEEE double Either UTF-8 or ISO 8859-1 encoded List of elements with identical ID and size, preceded by array header with int16 length Chunks can contain other chunks to arbitrary depth.
Thrift
  1. ^ Any XML based representation can be compressed, or generated as, using EXI – "Efficient XML Interchange (EXI) Format 1.0 (Second Edition)".[17] – which is a "Schema Informed" (as opposed to schema-required, or schema-less) binary compression standard for XML.
  2. ^ All basic Ion types have a null variant, as its 0xXf tag. Any tag beginning with 0x0X other than 0x0f defines ignored padding.
  3. ^ Interpretation of Netstrings is entirely application- or schema-dependent.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Apache Thrift
  2. ^ Bormann, Carsten (2018-12-26). "CBOR relationship with msgpack". GitHub. Retrieved 2023-08-14.
  3. ^ "Implementations". GitHub.
  4. ^ "HAPI FHIR - The Open Source FHIR API for Java". hapifhir.io.
  5. ^ cpython/Lib/pickle.py
  6. ^ "A Brief History of SOAP". www.xml.com.
  7. ^ Ben-Kiki, Oren; Evans, Clark; Net, Ingy döt (2009-10-01). "YAML Ain't Markup Language (YAML) Version 1.2". The Official YAML Web Site. Retrieved 2012-02-10.
  8. ^ "text_format.h - Protocol Buffers". Google Developers.
  9. ^ "JSON Mapping - Protocol Buffers". Google Developers.
  10. ^ "Avro Json Format".
  11. ^ "NSPropertyListSerialization class documentation". www.gnustep.org. Archived from the original on 2011-05-19. Retrieved 2009-10-28.
  12. ^ "Documentation Archive". developer.apple.com.
  13. ^ Oren Ben-Kiki; Clark Evans; Brian Ingerson (2005-01-18). "Null Language-Independent Type for YAML Version 1.1". YAML.org. Retrieved 2009-09-12.
  14. ^ a b Oren Ben-Kiki; Clark Evans; Brian Ingerson (2005-01-18). "Boolean Language-Independent Type for YAML Version 1.1". YAML.org. Clark C. Evans. Retrieved 2009-09-12.
  15. ^ Oren Ben-Kiki; Clark Evans; Brian Ingerson (2005-02-11). "Integer Language-Independent Type for YAML Version 1.1". YAML.org. Clark C. Evans. Retrieved 2009-09-12.
  16. ^ Oren Ben-Kiki; Clark Evans; Brian Ingerson (2005-01-18). "Floating-Point Language-Independent Type for YAML Version 1.1". YAML.org. Clark C. Evans. Retrieved 2009-09-12.
  17. ^ "Efficient Extensible Interchange".
  18. ^ Ion Binary Encoding
  19. ^ "MessagePack is an extremely efficient object serialization library. It's like JSON, but very fast and small.: msgpack/msgpack". 2 April 2019 – via GitHub.
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