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List of people subject to banning orders under apartheid

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This is a selection of people subject to a "banning order" by the apartheid-era South African government. Banning was a repressive and extrajudicial measure[1] used by the South African apartheid regime (1948–1994) against its political opponents.[2] The legislative authority for banning orders was firstly the Suppression of Communism Act, 1950,[3] which defined virtually all opposition to the ruling National Party as communism. This was superseded by the Internal Security Act, 1982. The regime ceased to deploy bannings and lifted all remaining banning orders in 1990, in the run-up to the advent of democracy in South Africa in 1994.[2][4]

A banning order entailed restrictions on where the banned person could live and who they could have contact with, required that they report weekly to a police station, and proscribed them from travelling outside a specific magisterial district. The banned person was prohibited from attending meetings of any kind, speaking in public, or publishing or distributing any written material. It proscribed broadcasters and the press from broadcasting, publishing or reporting the banned person's words. It thus mixed elements of exile, suppression orders and censorship. The prohibition on attending meetings meant that the banned person could not be with more than one other person at a time. The banned person was forbidden all contact with other banned persons and was forbidden to engage in any political activity. The penalty for violating a banning order was up to five years in prison.

Some people subject to banning orders

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Over 1600 people have been subjected to banning orders.[5] Prominent among these are:

Albert Lutuli
Winnie Madikizela-Mandela

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Suppression of Communism Act, 1950 Archived 31 October 2018 at the Wayback Machine, at South African History Online
  2. ^ a b Number of banned persons in South Africa totals 936 Archived 31 October 2018 at the Wayback Machine, at South African History Online
  3. ^ "Suppression of Communism, Act no. 44 of 1950, full text PDF" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 October 2018. Retrieved 30 October 2018.
  4. ^ "South Africa profile – Timeline – BBC News". Archived from the original on 5 May 2018. Retrieved 21 July 2018.
  5. ^ "Banned People in Apartheid-era South Africa". Overcoming Apartheid. Michigan State University. Archived from the original on 22 May 2022. Retrieved 18 June 2022.
  6. ^ Herbstein, Denis (24 September 1999). "Phyllis Altman". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 1 November 2023. Retrieved 10 September 2016.
  7. ^ "Jacqueline (Jackie) Arenstein". South African History Online. Archived from the original on 30 April 2019. Retrieved 30 April 2019.
  8. ^ Berger, Iris (1992). Threads of Solidarity: Women in South African Industry, 1900–1980. Indiana University Press. p. 267. ISBN 978-0-85255-077-9. Archived from the original on 18 October 2023. Retrieved 2 December 2021.
  9. ^ Hooper-Box, Caroline (7 December 2003). "Who was on the apartheid police spy list?". IOL. Archived from the original on 7 August 2017. Retrieved 6 August 2017.
  10. ^ David Clover (16 December 2013). "No Easy Walk to Freedom: Nelson Mandela in the Archives". Senate House Library. Archived from the original on 22 October 2016. Retrieved 22 October 2016., p. 49
  11. ^ "Hilda Bernstein, author, fighter for womens rights, Luthuli award winner - Profile". www.rusty-bernstein.com. Archived from the original on 22 October 2018. Retrieved 9 May 2024.
  12. ^ "Hilda Bernstein". The Independent. 19 September 2006. Archived from the original on 31 October 2018. Retrieved 9 May 2024.
  13. ^ "Treason trial to Rivonia - Rusty (Lionel) Bernstein". www.rusty-bernstein.com. Archived from the original on 22 October 2018. Retrieved 9 May 2024.
  14. ^ Forster, Katie (18 December 2016). "Five things you didn't know about anti-apartheid activist Steve Biko". The Independent. Archived from the original on 1 November 2023. Retrieved 9 May 2024.
  15. ^ Woods, Donald (1978). Biko. New York and London: Paddington Press. p. 49. ISBN 0-8050-1899-9.
  16. ^ Mangcu, Xolela (2014). Biko: A Life. London and New York: I. B. Tauris. p. 190. ISBN 978-1-78076-785-7.
  17. ^ Hadfield, Leslie (2010). "Biko, Black Consciousness, and 'the System' eZinyoka: Oral History and Black Consciousness in Practice in a Rural Ciskei Village". South African Historical Journal. 62 (1): 84. doi:10.1080/02582471003778342. S2CID 143822840.
  18. ^ Hill, Shannen L. (2015). Biko's Ghost: The Iconography of Black Consciousness. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. p. 151. ISBN 978-0-8166-7636-1.
  19. ^ a b c Cited in article on Peter Ralph Randall
  20. ^ "Peter Brown Obituary". The Independent. 6 July 2004. Archived from the original on 31 October 2018. Retrieved 30 October 2018.
  21. ^ a b c d e f g "Banning orders served on NUSAS leaders". www.sahistory.org.za. 16 March 2011. Archived from the original on 9 August 2019. Retrieved 30 September 2020.
  22. ^ a b c d e f g h South African Democracy Education Trust (2004). The Road to Democracy in South Africa: 1970–1980. Volume 2 of Road to Democracy. Unisa. p. 864. ISBN 978-1-86888-406-3. Archived from the original on 18 October 2023. Retrieved 18 July 2019.
  23. ^ "The Freedom Charter is adopted in Kliptown: Sunday, 26 June 1955". South African History Online. 22 June 2018. Archived from the original on 14 August 2020. Retrieved 17 March 2019.
  24. ^ "Bettie du Toit". South African History Online. 29 June 2012. Archived from the original on 16 September 2016. Retrieved 3 September 2016.
  25. ^ Paula Ensor Archived 31 October 2018 at the Wayback Machine, at South African History Online
  26. ^ Paul Ensor at Tshisimani Centre for Activist Education
  27. ^ Sutherland, Allan (16 December 2011). "Vic Finkelstein: Academic anddisability activist". The Independent. Archived from the original on 22 July 2019. Retrieved 30 September 2020.
  28. ^ "ANC Veteran, Bertha Gxowa, Dies". SA News. 19 November 2010. Archived from the original on 23 September 2016. Retrieved 4 September 2016.
  29. ^ "Anti-apartheid activist Adelaine Hain dies aged 92". IOL News. Archived from the original on 4 January 2020. Retrieved 4 January 2020.
  30. ^ "Viola Hashe". South African History Online. 23 January 2013. Archived from the original on 23 September 2016. Retrieved 3 September 2016.
  31. ^ "My heart goes through leaps and bounds". www.ihrc.org.uk. 19 October 2012. Archived from the original on 3 June 2020. Retrieved 3 June 2020.
  32. ^ "Sedick Isaacs". www.sahistory.org.za. 20 March 2012. Archived from the original on 3 June 2020. Retrieved 3 June 2020.
  33. ^ "Bennie Khoapa Khoapa". www.sahistory.org.za. 23 March 2012. Archived from the original on 27 May 2016. Retrieved 16 June 2016.
  34. ^ Sheila Lapinsky nee Barsel Archived 31 October 2018 at the Wayback Machine, at South African History Online
  35. ^ Testard, Jacques (August 2013). "Interview with Deborah Levy". The White Review. Archived from the original on 2 February 2022. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
  36. ^ "South African Dept. of Justice list of banned persons" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 May 2024. Retrieved 23 September 2020.
  37. ^ "1969 UN List of Opponents to Apartheid Subjected to Banning Orders in South Africa" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 June 2022. Retrieved 23 September 2020.
  38. ^ "Food and Allied Workers Union". www.fawu.org.za. Archived from the original on 11 December 2016. Retrieved 22 September 2016.
  39. ^ "TRC testimony of Mac Maharaj". www.justice.gov.za. 2 November 1998. Archived from the original on 28 December 2017. Retrieved 30 September 2020.
  40. ^ Matshikiza, John (1999). "Matshika, Todd Tazoma". In Sonderling, Nelly E. (ed.). New Dictionary of South African Biography. Vol. 2. Pretoria: Vista University. pp. 102–104. ISBN 1-86828-133-7 – via Internet Archive.
  41. ^ "Vincent Joseph Gaobakwe Matthews | South African History Online". Archived from the original on 30 October 2017. Retrieved 29 October 2017.
  42. ^ Human Sciences Research Council (2000). Women Marching Into the 21st Century: Wathint' abafazi, wathint' imbokodo. HSRC Press. pp. 33–34. ISBN 978-0-7969-1966-3. Archived from the original on 18 October 2023. Retrieved 2 December 2021.
  43. ^ Edgar, Robert R. (22 April 2020). Josie Mpama/Palmer: Get Up and Get Moving. Athens, Ohio. ISBN 978-0-8214-4094-0. OCLC 1155989728. Archived from the original on 10 May 2024. Retrieved 7 January 2021.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  44. ^ "Alan Stewart Paton (1903-1988)". Concord. March 1997. Archived from the original on 26 November 2022. Retrieved 14 April 2024.
  45. ^ "Shulamith Muller". South African History Online. 12 September 2011. Archived from the original on 23 September 2016. Retrieved 12 September 2016.
  46. ^ Luckhardt; Wall. "Organize... or Starve! - The History of the SACTU". South African Congress of Trade Unions. South African History Online. Archived from the original on 22 August 2016. Retrieved 7 September 2016.
  47. ^ Meredith, Martin (1999). Nelson Mandela: A Biography. United States: Public Affairs Books.
  48. ^ "Robert M. Resha | South African History Online". Archived from the original on 29 October 2017. Retrieved 29 October 2017.
  49. ^ "NUSAS President Ian Robertson is banned". South African History Online. Archived from the original on 27 March 2019. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
  50. ^ "Kennedy and South Africa". The Harvard Crimson. Archived from the original on 1 December 2020. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
  51. ^ "Jeanette Eva Schoon (née Curtis)". South African History Online. 15 August 2012. Archived from the original on 10 May 2024. Retrieved 18 July 2019.
  52. ^ "Jeannette Schoon and her daughter are killed by a letter bomb". www.sahistory.org.za. 16 March 2011. Archived from the original on 5 March 2015. Retrieved 17 December 2014.
  53. ^ "Skeletons in the Rhodes Cupboard: What Should Be Done about Them?" (PDF). African Sociological Review (CODESRIA). Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 9 January 2005.
  54. ^ Williams, Clifford (5 May 2011). "Dorothy Williams obituary". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 10 May 2024. Retrieved 3 January 2020.

Further reading

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