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Car dealership

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Typical car dealership (in this case a Jeep dealer) in the U.S. selling used cars outside, new cars in the showroom, as well as a vehicle entrance to the parts and service area in the back of the building
An aerial view of auto dealer's service in Kuopio, Finland
Service and repair entrance
Auto dealer's service and repair facility
Dealer for vintage cars

A car dealership, or car dealer, is a business that sells new or used cars, at the retail level, based on a dealership contract with an automaker or its sales subsidiary. Car dealerships also often sell spare parts and automotive maintenance services.

In the United States, car dealerships have historically been an important source of state and local sales taxes. They have considerable political influence and have lobbied for regulations that guarantee their survival and profitability. By 2010, all US states had laws that prohibited manufacturers from side-stepping independent car dealerships and selling cars directly to consumers. By 2009, most states imposed restrictions on the creation of new dealerships to compete with incumbent dealerships.

Economists have characterized these regulations as a form of rent-seeking that extracts rents from manufacturers of cars, increases costs for consumers, and limits entry of new car dealerships while raising profits for incumbent car dealers. Research shows that as a result of these laws, retail prices for cars are higher than they otherwise would be.[1][2]

Car dealerships in the United States

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Main article: Car dealerships in the United States

The early cars were sold by automakers to customers directly or through a variety of channels, including mail order, department stores, and traveling representatives.[1] For example, Sears made its first attempt at selling a gasoline-engined chain-drive high-wheeler in 1908 through its mail-order catalog and starting in 1951 the Allstate through select its stores and the catalog.[3][4]

Fred Koller opened the first dedicated car dealership in 1889. Known as the Reading Automobile Company, Koller sold cars manufactured in Cleveland, Ohio at his dealership in Reading, Pennsylvania. This is thought to be the first dealership dedicated solely to selling cars—meaning it hadn’t initially been established to sell horse-drawn carriages.[5]

Today, direct sales by an automaker to consumers are limited by most states in the U.S. through franchise laws that require new cars to be sold only by licensed and bonded, independently owned dealerships.[6] The first woman car dealer in the United States was Rachel "Mommy" Krouse who in 1903 opened her business, Krouse Motor Car Company, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.[7]

The number of car dealerships in the US peaked in 1927 at 53,125 and steadily decreased over the next decades. By 1960, there were 33, 658 dealerships; by 1980, 23,379; and by 2001, 22,007.[1]

Car dealerships are usually franchised to sell and service vehicles by specific companies. They are often located on properties offering enough room to have buildings housing a showroom, mechanical service, and body repair facilities, as well as to provide storage for used and new vehicles. Many dealerships are located out of town or on the edge of town centers. An example of a traditional single proprietorship car dealership was Collier Motors in North Carolina.[8] Many modern dealerships are now part of corporate-owned chains with hundreds of locations.[9] Dealership profits in the US mainly come from servicing, some from used cars, and little from new cars.[10]

Most automotive manufacturers have shifted the focus of their franchised retailers to branding and technology. New or refurbished facilities are required to have a standard look for their dealerships and have product experts to liaise with customers.[11][12] Audi has experimented with a hi-tech showroom that allows customers to configure and experience cars on 1:1 scale digital screens.[13][14] In markets where it is permitted, Mercedes-Benz opened city centre brand stores.[15]

Tesla Motors has rejected the dealership sales model based on the idea that dealerships do not properly explain the advantages of their cars, and they could not rely on third-party dealerships to handle their sales.[16] However, in the United States, direct manufacturer auto sales are prohibited in almost every state by franchise laws requiring that new cars be sold only by dealers.[17] In response, Tesla has opened city centre galleries where prospective customers can view cars that can only be ordered online.[18][19] These stores were inspired by the Apple Stores.[20] Tesla's model was the first of its kind, and has given them unique advantages as a new car company.[21]

Economic theory

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In economic theory, car dealerships can be characterized as franchisees and the automobile manufacturers as franchisors. A franchise relationship can be beneficial to both parties, as the franchisee can sell a well-made and attractive product while the franchisor can rely on the franchisee to incur downstream costs and use its local relationships to sell more products and services.[1]

The franchisor can act opportunistically by imposing constraints and burden on the franchisee after the latter has incurred sunk costs, such as investing in physical assets and building up a reputation with customers. The franchisor could for example require that cars be sold at low prices, services be performed for little compensation. The franchisee could on the other hand act opportunistically by using its local monopoly to perform poor customer service, charge customers more and pass those unnecessarily high costs to the franchisor.[1][22]

Regulations that protect car dealers

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Car dealerships have lobbied for regulations that increase the survival and profitability of car dealerships:[1]

  • By 2010, all US states had laws that prohibited manufacturers from side-stepping independent car dealers and selling cars to customers directly.
  • By 2009, most states imposed restrictions on the creation of new dealerships to compete with incumbent dealerships.
  • All states impose severe limits on the ability of a manufacturer to terminate a franchise relationship.
  • Most states prevent manufacturers from engaging in "quantity forcing" whereby manufacturers require that dealers purchase vehicles that they had not ordered.
  • Most states limit the ability of manufacturers to discriminate between car dealers (for example, by providing better terms to large car dealers with economies of scale or dealers that provide better customer service).
  • Many state laws impose upon manufacturers the precise terms under which they must compensate dealers for the costs associated with warranty repairs (these can incentivize dealers to increase the price of repairs to customers).
  • Most state laws require upon termination of a dealership that manufacturers buy back the inventory, special equipment and in some cases pay the rent of the dealer's facilities.

Economists have characterized these laws as a form of rent-seeking that extracts rents from manufacturers of cars and increases costs for consumers of cars while raising profits for car dealers.[1][23][24][25] Multiple studies have shown that regulations that protect car dealerships increase car costs for consumers and limit the profitability of manufacturers.[26]

The issuance of new dealership licenses is subject to geographical restriction; if there is already a dealership for a company in an area, no one else can open one. This has led to dealerships becoming in essence hereditary, with families running dealerships in an area since the original issuance of their license with no fear of competition or any need to prove qualification or consumer benefit (beyond proving they meet minimum legal standards), as franchises in most jurisdictions can only be withdrawn for illegal activity and no other reason.[27]

This has led to consumer campaigns for establishment or reform, which have been met by huge lobbying efforts by franchise holders. New companies trying to enter the market, such as Tesla, have been restricted by this model and have either been forced out or been forced to work around the franchise model, facing constant legal pressure.[28]

Electric vehicles

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According to a 2023 survey by the Sierra Club, two-thirds of US car dealerships did not have electric or hybrid vehicles for sale.[29] Reasons for this include supply chain difficulties,[29][30] as well as a need for car dealers to make substantial investments in new employee training and infrastructure to be able to sell, service and maintain electric vehicles.[31]

Car dealerships in the European Union

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In the European Union, car manufacturers were permitted from 1985 to 2006 to enter into contracts with car dealerships that restricted what kinds of cars that dealers were permitted to sell.[32][33] Car manufacturers were able "to impose qualitative, quantitative and geographical restrictions on supply by selling their cars only through a limited number of dealers bound by strict franchise agreements."[32] In 2006, the European Commission determined that it was anticompetitive for car manufacturers to prohibit dealers from carrying multiple car brands.[33]

Car manufacturers in the European Union are increasingly shifting towards selling cars directly to customers without reliance on independent dealers. Volvo has announced plans to sell all vehicles directly to customers by 2030.[34][35]

Multibrand car dealers

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Multibrand and multi-maker car dealers sell cars from different and independent carmakers.[36] Some are specialized in electric vehicles.[37]

Auto transport

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Auto transport is used to move vehicles from the factory to the dealerships. This includes international and domestic shipping. It was largely a commercial activity conducted by manufacturers, dealers, and brokers. Internet use has encouraged this niche service to expand and reach the general consumer marketplace.

See also

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Organizations

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References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g Lafontaine, Francine; Morton, Fiona Scott (2010). "Markets: State Franchise Laws, Dealer Terminations, and the Auto Crisis". Journal of Economic Perspectives. 24 (3): 233–250. doi:10.1257/jep.24.3.233. ISSN 0895-3309.
  2. ^ Bodisch, Gerald (May 2009). "Economic Effects Of State Bans On Direct Manufacturer Sales To Car Buyers". U.S. Department of Justice, Anti-Trust Division. Retrieved 23 July 2024.
  3. ^ Strohl, Daniel (24 October 2018). "Sears sold many things well, just not automobiles". Hemmings. Retrieved 6 December 2022.
  4. ^ Tate, Robert (17 March 2015). "When Sears Sold Vehicles: Remembering the Allstate | 2015 | Story of the Week". motorcities.org. Retrieved 6 December 2022.
  5. ^ "Dealership Business Model: The Future of Automotive Retail".
  6. ^ Quinland, Roger M. "Has the Traditional Automobile Franchise System Run Out of Gas?". The Franchise Lawyer. 16 (3). Archived from the original on 14 May 2016. Retrieved 21 April 2016.
  7. ^ The Evening Bulletin (published by Philadelphia Bulletin) 7 December 1953 page 1 (column 3) and page 16 (column 4) and The Evening Bulletin 29 January 1954 (obituary)
  8. ^ Cotter, Tom (22 September 2013). "Former AMC Dealership Full of Cars". Barn Finds. Retrieved 8 September 2019.
  9. ^ Tucker, Sean (15 September 2021). "The Future of Car Shopping: Fewer Dealerships, More Consolidation". Kelley Blue Book. Retrieved 6 December 2022.
  10. ^ "NADA Data 2015 the annual financial profile of new-car dealerships". National Automobile Dealers Association. 2015. pp. 6–7. Retrieved 8 September 2019.
  11. ^ "New BMW stores to be big, open, beige".
  12. ^ "Geniuses smart move for dealers, BMW says".
  13. ^ Foy, Henry (29 December 2013). "Online showrooms and digital dealerships revolutionise car buying". FT. Archived from the original on 2 July 2014. Retrieved 22 November 2021.
  14. ^ Singh, Sarwant. "The Future of Car Retailing". Forbes. Archived from the original on 29 April 2017.
  15. ^ "Mercedes-Benz growth strategy dominates 2013". daimler.com. 2 January 2014. Archived from the original on 8 January 2014. Retrieved 6 December 2022.
  16. ^ "Dealer or no dealer: Tesla's sales model under fire". america.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 12 July 2023.
  17. ^ Bodisch, Gerald R. (May 2009). "Economic Effects of State Bans on Direct Manufacturer Sales to Car Buyers". United States Department of Justice. Archived from the original on 19 June 2015. Retrieved 21 August 2016.
  18. ^ "Tesla sets up shop in Dallas -- minus test-drives and sales".
  19. ^ "Tesla: we're not car dealerships". 6 June 2014. Archived from the original on 30 May 2016.
  20. ^ "The Perfect Tesla Store". tesla.com. Archived from the original on 6 December 2017.
  21. ^ Gross, Daniel (11 April 2016). "Tesla's Real Innovation Isn't the Electric Car". Slate. Archived from the original on 6 December 2017.
  22. ^ "Inside the rise of 'stealerships' and the shady economics of car buying". NPR. 2022.
  23. ^ "Death of a car salesman". The Economist. 2015. ISSN 0013-0613.
  24. ^ DePillis, Lydia (1 June 2017). "Auto dealerships are America's most powerful middlemen". Chron.
  25. ^ Girotra, Karan; Netessine, Serguei (2014). "The Fight Over Tesla Shows How Little Value Dealerships Add". Harvard Business Review. ISSN 0017-8012.
  26. ^ "Auto Franchise Laws Restrict Consumer Choice and Increase Prices".
  27. ^ "State Franchise Law Carjacks Auto Buyers".
  28. ^ Yglesias, Matthew (26 October 2014). "Car dealers are awful. It's time to kill the dumb laws that keep them in business". Vox. Retrieved 2 October 2020.
  29. ^ a b Calma, Justine (12 May 2023). "What two-thirds of car dealerships are missing in the US". The Verge.
  30. ^ Irfan, Umair (8 May 2023). "Why most car dealers still don't have any electric vehicles". Vox. Retrieved 31 May 2023.
  31. ^ Wayland, Michael (28 January 2023). "Carmakers face a crossroads as they work to fit auto dealers into their EV plans". CNBC. Retrieved 31 May 2023.
  32. ^ a b "Car industry at the crossroads". POLITICO. 5 September 2001.
  33. ^ a b "European car dealers win right to multi-francise [sic]". The Irish Times. 2006.
  34. ^ Campbell, Peter (2 March 2021). "Volvo Cars to go all electric by 2030 as it shifts sales online". Financial Times.
  35. ^ Apeldoorn, Robert Van (22 November 2021). "Acheter sa voiture sur le net, une évolution qui pourrait bouleverser la vente via les concessionnaires". Trends-Tendances (in French). Retrieved 30 November 2023.
  36. ^ "Publications - European Commission" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 22 March 2015.
  37. ^ Blanco, Sebastian. "First EVEN EV store opens in Iceland's biggest shopping mall". Archived from the original on 6 April 2015.

Further reading

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  • Genat, Robert (2004). The American Car Dealership. Motorbooks International. ISBN 9780760319345.
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