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Anne of Cleves

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Anne of Cleves
Portrait by Hans Holbein the Younger, 1539
Queen consort of England
Tenure6 January − 12 July 1540[1]
Born28 June or 22 September 1515
Düsseldorf, Duchy of Berg, Holy Roman Empire
Died16 July 1557 (aged 41 or 42)
Chelsea Manor, England
Burial3 August 1557
Westminster Abbey
Spouse
​
​
(m. 1540; ann. 1540)​
HouseLa Marck
FatherJohn III, Duke of Cleves
MotherMaria of Jülich-Berg
SignatureAnne of Cleves's signature

Anne of Cleves (German: Anna von Kleve; 1515 – 16 July 1557)[2] was Queen of England from 6 January to 12 July 1540 as the fourth wife of Henry VIII.[2] Little is known about Anne before 1527, when she became betrothed to Francis, Duke of Bar, son and heir of Antoine, Duke of Lorraine, although their marriage did not proceed.

In March 1539, negotiations for Anne's marriage to Henry began. Henry believed he needed to form a political alliance with her brother, William, a leader of the Protestants of Western Germany, to strengthen his position against potential attacks from Catholic France and the Holy Roman Empire.[3] Anne arrived in England in December 1539 and married Henry a week later, but the marriage was declared unconsummated after six months and Anne was not crowned queen consort.

Following the annulment, Henry gave her a generous settlement and Anne was thereafter known as the King's Beloved Sister. Remaining in England, she lived to see the reigns of Henry's children Edward VI and Mary I and attended Mary's coronation in 1553. Anne outlived the rest of Henry's wives.[4]

Early life

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Anne was born in 1515, on either 22 September[2][5] or 28 June.[a] She was born in Düsseldorf, Duchy of Berg, the second daughter of John III of the House of La Marck, Duke of Jülich jure uxoris, Cleves, Berg jure uxoris, Count of Mark, also known as de la Marck and Ravensberg jure uxoris (often referred to as Duke of Cleves) who died in 1538, and his wife Maria, Duchess of Jülich-Berg (1491–1543). She grew up in Schloss Burg on the edge of Solingen.

Anne's father was influenced by Erasmus and followed a moderate path within the Reformation. He decided to side with the Schmalkaldic League and opposed Emperor Charles V. After John's death, Anne's brother William became Duke of Jülich-Cleves-Berg, bearing the promising epithet "The Rich". In 1526, her elder sister Sibylle was married to John Frederick, Elector of Saxony, head of the Protestant Confederation of Germany and considered the "Champion of the Reformation."

In 1527, at the age of 11, Anne was betrothed to Francis, the 9-year-old son and heir of Antoine, Duke of Lorraine.[7] But because Francis was under the age of consent (10 years old) at the time of the arrangement, the betrothal was considered unofficial and was cancelled in 1535. Her brother William was a Lutheran but the family was unaligned religiously, with her mother, the Duchess Maria, described as a "strict Catholic".[8] Her father's ongoing dispute over the Duchy of Guelders with Charles V made the family suitable allies for England's King Henry VIII in the wake of the Truce of Nice. The match with Anne was urged on the King by his chief minister, Thomas Cromwell.

Wedding preparations

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Portrait from 1538[9][10]

The artist Hans Holbein the Younger was dispatched to Düren to paint portraits of Anne and her younger sister, Amalia, each of whom Henry VIII was considering as his fourth wife. Henry required the artist to be as accurate as possible, not to flatter the sisters. The portraits are now located in the Louvre Museum in Paris and the Victoria and Albert Museum in London. Another 1539 portrait, by the school of Barthel Bruyn the Elder, is in the collection of Trinity College, Cambridge.[11]

Negotiations to arrange the marriage were in full swing by March 1539. Thomas Cromwell oversaw the talks and a marriage treaty was signed on 4 October of that year.

Henry valued education and cultural sophistication in women (e.g., Anne Boleyn), but Anne lacked these traits. She had received no formal education but was skilled in needlework and liked playing card games. She could read and write, but only in German.[12] Nevertheless, Anne was considered gentle, virtuous and docile, which is why she was recommended as a suitable candidate for Henry.

Anne was described by French ambassador Charles de Marillac as tall and slim, "of medium beauty, and of very assured and resolute countenance."[13] She was fair-haired and was said to have had a lovely face. In the words of the chronicler Edward Hall, "Her hair hanging down, which was fair, yellow and long ... she was apparelled after the English fashion, with a French hood, which so set forth her beauty and good visage, that every creature rejoiced to behold her."[14] She appeared rather solemn by English standards, and looked old for her age. Holbein painted her with a high forehead, heavy-lidded eyes and a pointed chin.

Anne was initially to travel to England alone with her cortège – the death of her father prevented her brother and mother from travelling – but there were concerns about a beautiful, sheltered young woman who had never traveled by sea making such a journey, especially during the winter. She traveled from Düsseldorf to Cleves, and then to Antwerp where she was received by fifty English merchants.[15]

Henry met her privately on New Year's Day 1540 at Rochester Abbey in Rochester on her journey from Dover.[16] Henry and some of his courtiers, following a courtly-love tradition, went disguised into the room where Anne was staying.[16] The chronicler Charles Wriothesley reported:

Six wives of Henry VIII
and years of marriage
Catherine of Aragon
m. 1509–1533
Anne Boleyn
m. 1533–1536
Jane Seymour
m. 1536–1537
Anne of Cleves
m. 1540
Catherine Howard
m. 1540–1542
Catherine Parr
m. 1543–1547

[The King] so went up into the chamber where the said Lady Anne was looking out of a window to see the bull-baiting which was going on in the courtyard, and suddenly he embraced and kissed her, and showed her a token which the king had sent her for New Year's gift, and she being abashed and not knowing who it was thanked him, and so he spoke with her. But she regarded him little, but always looked out the window .... and when the king saw that she took so little notice of his coming he went into another chamber and took off his cloak and came in again in a coat of purple velvet. And when the lords and knights saw his grace they did him reverence.[17]

According to the testimony of Henry's companions, he was disappointed with Anne, feeling that she was not as described. Although Anne "regarded him little", it is unknown whether she knew this was the King.[18] Henry then revealed his true identity to Anne, and although he is said to have been put off, the marriage preparations proceeded. Henry and Anne then met officially on 3 January on Blackheath outside the gates of Greenwich Park, where a grand reception was laid out.[19]

Most historians believe that Henry's misgivings about the marriage were because of Anne's unsatisfactory appearance, which did not inspire him to consummate the marriage. He felt that he had been misled after his advisors had praised Anne's beauty: "She is nothing so fair as she hath been reported", he complained.[20] He went even further to tell others in his court that if "it were not that she had come so far into my realm, and the great preparations and state that my people have made for her, and for fear of making a ruffle in the world and of driving her brother into the arms of the Emperor and the French King, I would not now marry her. But now it is too far gone, wherefore I am sorry."[21][b]

Cromwell received some blame for the Holbein portrait, which Henry believed had not been an accurate representation of Anne, and for some of the exaggerated reports of her beauty.[23] Henry urged Cromwell to find a legal way to avoid the marriage but, by this point, doing so was impossible without endangering the vital alliance with the Germans. In his anger and frustration, the King turned on Cromwell, to his subsequent regret.[24]

Marriage

[edit]
A portrait of Anne in the 1540s by Bartholomäus Bruyn the elder

Despite Henry's very vocal misgivings, the two were married on 6 January 1540 at the royal Palace of Placentia in Greenwich, London, by Archbishop Thomas Cranmer. The phrase "God send me well to keep" was engraved around Anne's wedding ring.[25] According to Edward Hall, she wore a "gowne of ryche cloth of gold set full of large flowers of great and Orient pearl, made after the Duche fassion rownde".[26] A round gown had no train.[27] On the Sunday after the wedding there were jousts, Anne dressed in the English fashion, with a French hood.[28]

Immediately after arriving in England, Anne conformed to the Catholic form of worship which Henry had retained after his break with Rome.[29] The couple's first night as husband and wife was not a successful one. Henry confided to Cromwell that he had not consummated the marriage, saying, "I liked her before not well, but now I like her much worse".[30]

In February 1540, speaking to the Countess of Rutland, Anne praised the King as a kind husband, saying: "When he comes to bed he kisseth me, and he taketh me by the hand, and biddeth me 'Good night, sweetheart'; and in the morning kisseth me and biddeth 'Farewell, darling.'" Lady Rutland responded: "Madam, there must be more than this, or it will be long ere we have a duke of York, which all this realm most desireth."[31]

Anne was commanded to leave the Court on 24 June, and on 6 July she was informed of her husband's decision to reconsider the marriage. Witness statements were taken from a number of courtiers and two physicians which register the King's disappointment at her appearance. Henry had also commented to Thomas Heneage and Anthony Denny that he could not believe she was a virgin.[32]

Shortly afterwards, Anne was asked for her consent to an annulment, to which she agreed. Cromwell, the moving force behind the marriage, was attainted for treason. The marriage was annulled on 12 July 1540, on the grounds of non-consummation and her pre-contract to Francis of Lorraine. Henry VIII's physician stated that, after the wedding night, Henry said he was not impotent because he experienced "duas pollutiones nocturnas in somno" (two nocturnal pollutions while in sleep).[33][34]

After the annulment

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Anne of Cleves' arms as queen consort[35]

Anne had been given dower lands in January 1540 to fund her household, including manors in Hampshire formerly owned by Breamore Priory and Southwick Priory.[36] As former queen, she received a generous settlement, including Richmond Palace, and Hever Castle, home of Henry's former in-laws, the Boleyns. Anne of Cleves House, in Lewes, East Sussex, is just one of many properties she owned, though she never lived there. Henry and Anne became friendly—she was an honorary member of the King's family and was referred to as "the King's Beloved Sister". She was invited to court often and, out of gratitude for her not contesting the annulment, Henry decreed that she would be given precedence over all women in England save his own wife and daughters.[37]

After Catherine Howard was beheaded, Anne and her brother, William, Duke of Jülich-Cleves-Berg, pressed the King to remarry Anne. Henry quickly refused to do so.[38] She seems to have disliked Catherine Parr, and reportedly reacted to the news of Henry's sixth marriage with the remark "Madam Parr is taking a great burden on herself."[39]

In March 1547, Edward VI's Privy Council asked her to move out of Bletchingley Palace, her usual residence, to Penshurst Place to make way for Thomas Cawarden, Master of Revels. They pointed out that Penshurst was nearer to Hever and the move had been Henry VIII's will.[40][41] On 4 August 1553, Anne wrote to Mary I to congratulate her on her marriage to Philip of Spain.[42] On 28 September 1553, when Mary left St James's Palace for Whitehall, she was accompanied by her sister Elizabeth and Anne of Cleves.[43] Anne also took part in Mary I's coronation procession,[44][45] and may have been present at her coronation at Westminster Abbey.[c] These seem to have been her last public appearances,[47][48] although there is an account of Anne at Westminster Abbey in August 1554 after the wedding of Mary and Philip.[49] As the new queen was a strict Catholic, Anne yet again changed religion, now becoming a Roman Catholic.[50][51]

After a brief return to prominence, she lost royal favour in 1554, following Wyatt's rebellion. According to Simon Renard, the Imperial ambassador, Anne's close association with Elizabeth had convinced the Queen that "the Lady [Anne] of Cleves was of the plot and intrigued with the Duke of Cleves to obtain help for Elizabeth: matters in which the king of France was the prime mover".[52] There is no evidence that Anne was invited back to court after 1554.[53] She was compelled to live a quiet and obscure life on her estates.[54] After her arrival as the King's bride, Anne never left England. Despite occasional feelings of homesickness, Anne was generally content in England and was described by Raphael Holinshed as "a ladie of right commendable regards, courteous, gentle, a good housekeeper and verie bountifull to her servants."[55]

In the summer of 1556, Anne's brother, William, Duke of Jülich-Cleves-Berg, complained about some of her servants. He had heard that Otto Wylick, Jasper Brockhausen, and his wife, Gertrude, made difficulties in Anne's household. Gertrude was said to have beguiled Anne with impostures and incantations. The matter came before Queen Mary and the English council of Philip II, and in September Brockhausen and Wylick were expelled.[56]

Death

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When Anne's health began to fail, Mary allowed her to live at Chelsea Old Manor, where Henry's last wife, Catherine Parr, had lived after her remarriage.[57] Here, in the middle of July 1557, Anne dictated her last will. In it, she mentions her brother, sister, and sister-in-law, as well as the future Queen Elizabeth, the Duchess of Suffolk, and the Countess of Arundel.[58] She left some money to her servants and asked Mary and Elizabeth to employ them in their households.[4] She was remembered by everyone who served her as a particularly generous and easy-going mistress.[55]

Anne died at Chelsea Old Manor on 16 July 1557. The most likely cause of her death was cancer.[57] She was buried in Westminster Abbey, on 3 August,[59] in what has been described as a "somewhat hard-to-find tomb" on the opposite side of Edward the Confessor's shrine and slightly above eye level for a person of average height.

Anne's epitaph in Westminster Abbey, which is in English, reads simply:[60]

ANNE OF CLEVES
QUEEN OF ENGLAND
BORN 1515 • DIED 1557

She was the last of Henry VIII's wives to die.[61]

Fictional portrayals

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The role of Anne of Cleves was played by:

Notes

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  1. ^ Heather Darsie quotes from a contemporary record: "This year [sc 1515] the day before St Peter and St Paul a second daughter was born[…]." The martyrdom of Saints Peter and Paul is celebrated on 29 June. Darsie attributes the incorrect date of 22 September to Maur-François Dantine in his L'Art de vérifier les dates  [fr] of 1750.[6]
  2. ^ Henry's reported response, likening Anne to a "Flanders mare", has no contemporary source but originates from a "misogynist" coining only in 1679, by Whig historian Gilbert Burnet.[22]
  3. ^ According to Antoine de Noailles, Elizabeth and Anne followed Mary into the Abbey[46]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Weir 2007, p. 424.
  2. ^ a b c Weir 2002, p. 155.
  3. ^ Sanders, Kevin (22 September 2017). "Henry VIII and Anne of Cleves: journey to a doomed marriage?". English Heritage Blog.
  4. ^ a b Norton 2009, p. 161.
  5. ^ Norton 2009, p. 7.
  6. ^ Darsie 2019, pp. 17–20.
  7. ^ Norton 2009, pp. 13–14.
  8. ^ Fraser 2003, p. 364.
  9. ^ Darsie 2019, January‑June 1539: "Wilhelm sent portraits of Anna and Amalia to England. These were the portraits painted by Barthel Bruyn the Elder in late 1538. The painting of Anna is now in the possession of the Rosenbach Museum and Library in Philadelphia […]"
  10. ^ "Object Record Anne of Cleves". Rosenbach Museum and Library. Retrieved 11 August 2024.
  11. ^ "Trinity College, University of Cambridge". ArtUK. Archived from the original on 29 March 2024.
  12. ^ Norton 2009, pp. 10–11.
  13. ^ Gairdner & Brodie 1896, p. p. 10, #22.
  14. ^ Hall 1809, pp. 836–837.
  15. ^ Fraser 2003, p. 370.
  16. ^ a b Warnicke 2000, p. 138.
  17. ^ Wriothesley 1875, p. 110.
  18. ^ Warnicke 2000, p. 132.
  19. ^ Warnicke 2000, p. 146.
  20. ^ Schofield 2011, p. 361.
  21. ^ Weir 2007, p. 403.
  22. ^ Warnicke 2000, p. 256.
  23. ^ Elton 1978, p. 157.
  24. ^ Lehmberg 1977, p. 127.
  25. ^ Weir 2007, p. 412.
  26. ^ van Pelt 2024, p. 136.
  27. ^ Hayward & Worsley 2007, p. 85.
  28. ^ van Pelt 2024, p. 137.
  29. ^ Weir 2007, p. 412.
  30. ^ Gairdner & Brodie 1896, #823, p. 391.
  31. ^ Norton 2009, p. 74.
  32. ^ Strype 1822, pp. 450–463.
  33. ^ Strype 1822, p. 461.
  34. ^ "Holbein en Angleterre". Amateur d'Art, par Lunettes Rouge (in French). La Vie–Le Monde Group. 29 November 2006. Retrieved 4 January 2014..
  35. ^ Boutell 1863, p. 243.
  36. ^ Historical Manuscripts Commission & Salisbury 1883, p.12 #58.
  37. ^ Norton 2009, p. 108.
  38. ^ Farquhar 2001, p. 77.
  39. ^ Weir 2007, p. 498.
  40. ^ Acts of the Privy Council 2, pp. 82–83, 471–472.
  41. ^ Ellis 1817, pp. 131–132.
  42. ^ Norton 2009, pp. 153–154.
  43. ^ Whitelock 2010, p. 192.
  44. ^ Norton 2009, pp. 144–145.
  45. ^ Porter 2008, pp. 256, 260–261.
  46. ^ Porter 2008, p. 260.
  47. ^ Schutte 2022, p. 116.
  48. ^ Strickland 1864, p. 273.
  49. ^ Black 1840, pp. 64–65.
  50. ^ Norton 2009, p. 146.
  51. ^ Weir 2007, p. 388.
  52. ^ Norton 2009, p. 151.
  53. ^ Norton 2009, p. 154.
  54. ^ Norton 2009, p. 155.
  55. ^ a b Norton 2009, p. 165.
  56. ^ Gonzalo Velasco Berenguer, 'The Select Council of Philip I: A Spanish Institution in Tudor England, 1555–1558', The English Historical Review, 139:597 (April 2024), pp. 326–359. doi:10.1093/ehr/cead216
  57. ^ a b Fraser 2003, p. 504.
  58. ^ Norton 2009, pp. 159–161.
  59. ^ Machyn 1968, pp. 145–146.
  60. ^ Kjærgaard, Jørgen (25 March 2018). "Queen Anne of Cleves grave at Westminster Abbey in London, United Kingdom". Virtual Globetrotting. Retrieved 27 May 2022.
  61. ^ Norton 2009, pp. 161, 165.
  62. ^ "Six Wives of Henry VII, The". Encyclopedia of Television. Museum of Broadcast Communications. Archived from the original on 12 August 2018. Retrieved 3 January 2019.
  63. ^ "Anne of Cleves". WGBH. Archived from the original on 4 January 2019. Retrieved 3 January 2019.
  64. ^ "Anne of Cleves Played by Joss Stone". The Tudors. Showtime. Retrieved 3 January 2019.
  65. ^ "New musical about Henry VIII's wives finds its West End cast | WhatsOnStage". www.whatsonstage.com. 30 November 2017. Retrieved 28 December 2020.
  66. ^ "BBC announces cast for the return of Wolf Hall". BBC. Media Centre. Retrieved 4 April 2024.
  67. ^ Fraser, Antonia (1993). "The Plantagenet Descent of Henry and his Queens". The Wives of Henry VIII. Vintage Books.
  68. ^ Anselme. Histoire généalogique et chronologique de la maison royale de France. Vol. 2. p. 741.
  69. ^ Fraser, Antonia (1993). "Anne of Cleves". The Wives of Henry VIII. Vintage Books.

Sources

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[edit]
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Anne of Cleves".
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Anne of Cleves.
Anne of Cleves
Born: 1515 Died: 16 July 1557
English royalty
Vacant
Title last held by
Jane Seymour 		Queen consort of England
Lady of Ireland
6 January – 12 July 1540 		Vacant
Title next held by
Catherine Howard
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