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Shrine of Mu'in al-Din Chishti

Coordinates: 26°27′22″N 74°37′41″E / 26.45613°N 74.62817°E / 26.45613; 74.62817
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Shrine of Mu'in al-Din Chishti
The tomb of Moinuddin Chishti is one of India's most important Sufi tomb
Religion
AffiliationSunni Islam
DistrictAjmer district
OwnershipGovernment of Rajasthan
Location
LocationAjmer
StateRajasthan
CountryIndia
Shrine of Mu'in al-Din Chishti is located in Rajasthan
Shrine of Mu'in al-Din Chishti
Shown within Rajasthan
Shrine of Mu'in al-Din Chishti is located in India
Shrine of Mu'in al-Din Chishti
Shrine of Mu'in al-Din Chishti (India)
Geographic coordinates26°27′22″N 74°37′41″E / 26.45613°N 74.62817°E / 26.45613; 74.62817
Architecture
Architect(s)Sunni Islam
TypeMosque, Sufi mausoleum
StyleModern
Date established1236 CE
Completed1236 CE
Specifications
Direction of façadeWest
Dome(s)1
Minaret(s)1
Website
ajmerdargahsharif.com

The shrine of Mu'in al-Din Chishti is a Sufi shrine of Mu'in al-Din Chishti located at Ajmer, Rajasthan, India. It is also known as Ajmer Dargah Shareef.[1]

Location

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Ajmer Sharif Dargah is 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) away from the main central Ajmer Railway station and 500 metres away from the Central Jail and is situated at the foot of the Taragarh hill.

Background

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Main article: Mu'in al-Din Chishti

Moinuddin Chishti was a 13th-century Sufi saint and philosopher. Born in Sanjar (of modern-day Iran), or in Sijistan,[2] he arrived in Delhi during the reign of the Sultan Iltutmish (d. 1236). Moinuddin moved from Delhi to Ajmer shortly thereafter, at which point he became increasingly influenced by the writings of the famous Sunni Hanbali scholar and mystic ʿAbdallāh Anṣārī (d. 1088), whose famous work on the lives of the early Islamic saints, the Ṭabāqāt al-ṣūfiyya, may have played a role in shaping Moinuddin's worldview. It was during his time in Ajmer that Moinuiddin acquired the reputation of being a charismatic and compassionate spiritual preacher and teacher; and biographical accounts of his life written after his death report that he received the gifts of many "spiritual marvels (karāmāt), such as miraculous travel, clairvoyance, and visions of angels" in these years of his life.

History

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Akbar visiting the tomb of Khwajah Mu'in ad-Din Chishti at Ajmer - 16th century painting by Basawan

Moinuddin seems to have been unanimously regarded as a great saint after his passing. The tomb (dargāh) of Muʿīn al-Dīn became a deeply venerated site in the century following the preacher's death in March 1236. Honoured by members of all social classes, the tomb was treated with great respect by the era's most important Sunni rulers. The 13th-century Sultan of Delhi Iltutmish paid a famous visit to the tomb in 1232 to commemorate the memory of the saint. In a similar way, the later Mughal Emperor Akbar (d. 1605) visited the shrine no less than fourteen times during his reign. He also made a pilgrimage to this tomb in 1566, with his Hindu consort, Mariam-uz-Zamani barefoot in the hopes of having sons born to them.[3][4] He also reconstructed the tomb's sanctum sanctorum in 1579. Jahangir, Shah Jahan, and Jahanara later renovated the structure.[5] An elegant covering over the dargah was constructed in 1800 by the Maharaja of Baroda.[6]

Local and national rulers came to pray here, the dargah grew in popularity and size over the years.[7] Razia Sultana, Nasiruddin Mahmud, Muhammad bin Tughluq, Sher Shah Suri, and Akbar, Mariam-uz-Zamani and his descendants Jahangir, Shah Jahan, Aurangzeb, Dara Shikoh and Jahanara Begum were known to have visited the shrine.[8]

Head priest of the shrine, Dewan Syed Zainul Abedin Chisti Ajmeri

In the present day, the tomb of Moinuddin Chishti continues to be one of the most popular sites of religious visitation for Sunni Muslims in the Indian subcontinent, with over "hundreds of thousands of people from all over the Indian sub-continent assembling there on the occasion of [the saint's] ʿurs or death anniversary." Additionally, the site also attracts many Hindus, who have also venerated the Islamic saint since the medieval period.

In 2019, the Hindustan Zinc Limited decided to renovate the complex under the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan, including many plans specifically targeted at sanitation and hygiene.[5][9]

Architecture

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The white marble dome of Chishti's shrine, as seen today, was built in 1532. This date is inscribed in golden letters on the Northern wall of the dargah. It is an example of Indo-Islamic architecture and the dome features a lotus and a crown of gold, donated by Rampur's Nawab Haider Ali Khan.[8] It is located in the Ihaata Noorani (transl. Quarter of Light) of the complex.[8] Materials used to build it include marble, brick and sandstone. The dargah has a royal darbar, Mehfil Khana, that was constructed in 1888. It is a square structure and has a patterned ceiling.[5] Jahanara Begum donated the dargah's left facet (Begumi Dalaan),[10] the railing around the dargah and also constructed a small platform, the Begumi Chabutra. The sanctum of the dargah has two doors. The canopy made of mother-of-pearl and silver was commissioned by Jahangir and is visible from the cenotaph's four silver posts.[8] The ceiling is etched with gold and in 1888, the walls were gilded.[10]

The complex has multiple structures and has eight entrance gates. However, only three of these are in use.[11] The Nizam Gate, a yellow structure with floral designs,[8] is the main gate and was donated by the 7th Nizam of Hyderabad Mir Osman Ali Khan in 1911. An older gate, the Shahjahani Gate, was donated by the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan.[12] It marked the expansion of the shrine complex beyond the Buland Darwaza,[a][5] built by Sultan Mahmud Khalji.[b][12] Other gates include the Madar Gate and the Delhi Gate.[13] The Jannati Darwaza is a door made of silver that is used only on rare occasions.[10] It is also referred to as the Bihisti Darwaza.[14]

The complex has eight tombs besides that of Chishti, belonging to members of his family.[11] Some of these include Chishti's daughter Bibi Hafiza Jamal and Nizam Sikka, who was a water-carrier who saved Humayun's life.[10] A huge chandelier, Sahn Chirag, was commissioned by Akbar. The Ahaat-e-Noor is a large courtyard where religious functions are held and qawwalis are sung.[12] Near the Nizam Gate is the Naqqar Khana (transl. drum house) where music was once played from to greet visitors. A large silver chandelier was donated by the Golden Temple. The Akbari Mosque is made of red sandstone and was probably commissioned by Akbar. A more elegant mosque was commissioned by Shah Jahan in 1637[8] and is called the Jami Masjid. It is made of white marble. The Sandali Masjid was constructed by Aurangzeb. The complex also has a Langar Khana and a Mahfil Khana (assembly hall for qawwals, opened only during the urs).[10] The Jhalara is a natural tank of water that is used by pilgrims. Other tanks were donated by Shah Jahan[13] and Queen Mary of Teck in 1911.[15]

The Jami Masjid is located to the west of the dargah, while the large marble courtyard is located on its eastern side. The Arhat-i-Noor is an enclosure restricted to women that is located on the southern side and houses the tombs of Chishti's daughter and granddaughter. More than 40 graves lie behind the Jami Masjid.[6]

In 1568, Akbar donated a deeg (cauldron) to the dargah since he made a wish to donate it after winning the battle of Chittorgarh. The deeg was made of an alloy of seven metals, one of which was brought from Colombo, Sri Lanka. The diameter of the deeg is 20 feet. The rim of the deeg was made in such a way that it never gets hot even while the bottom of the deeg is ignited and the food is being cooked. The deeg was brought on elephants as three separate parts and the three parts were reassembled there. This deeg is the biggest deeg in the world. Akbar himself prepared the first dish in this deeg, tasted it and shared it with other fakirs near the dargah. The smaller deeg was donated by Jahangir as a part of family tradition.[16]

Culture

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The street approaching the dargah

The dargah has been a site for pilgrims venerated by followers of Hinduism and Islam since medieval times. Pilgrims come here from around the world[11] and offer chaddars (sacred sheets) to the shrine.[17] Pilgrims also offer rose petals, which total up to seven tonnes per day.[5] Women are allowed to enter the dargah.[8] It has been estimated that around 20,000 pilgrims visit the site every day. After pilgrims exit the shrine, photographers from photo studios offer professional photos of the pilgrims at rates as cheap as ₹20. Most of these photographers are Hindus who migrated to Ajmer during the Partition of India.[18]

For the langar of the shrine, Akbar and Jahangir donated degh (transl. cauldron) in 1568 and 1614, respectively. These two degh are in use even today,[8] as the dargah is known for its degh ka khana (transl. food from a cauldron). This is made of rice, ghee, cashew nuts, almonds and raisins. People undergo the Islamic ritual purification of wudu, in which pilgrims wash their face, hands and feet prior to offering namaz. The street approaching the dargah is well-known for its food, craft items and gota work.[5]

The daily rituals at the dargah are mainly the five mandatory prayers of Muslims, the namaz. At sunset, there is the ceremony of the Dua-e-Roshni (transl. Prayer of Lights), in which large yellow candles are carried to the darbar by the khadims. Following the prayers at night, qawwalis are sung, after which all visitors are asked to leave. Three khadims then clean the durbar with brooms made of peacock feathers. After the last person is out of the shrine, the qawwals recite the Karka, which is a musical verse in Sanskrit, Brij and Persian. The dargah is then locked and reopened only for the next day's pre-dawn prayer.[19]

Some attribute the influence of Islam on Indian culture to have begun from the dargah, including in Tansen's music; the tolerance practiced by Salim Chishti, Abul Fazl and Abul Faizi; and in Indo-Saracenic architecture. It has been the tradition to source the incense, sandalwood paste and ittar used in the dargah from a Brahmin family, right from the times of Chishti. One shrine in the dargah complex is revered by Sikhs.[20]

Urs Sharif festival

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Main article: Urs festival, Ajmer
Langar at the shrine

The death anniversary of Moinuddin Chishti, the urs, is not mourned and is celebrated since it is the very day the disciple is reunited with his maker (Allah).[15] The celebrations begin with the end of the Islamic month of Jumada al-Thani and conclude on the sixth day of the month of Rajab, a total of six days.[14] Members of Bhilwara's Gori family march through the city towards the Nizam gate and hoist the flag on the Buland Darwaza, marking the beginning of the festival. Following this, the urs rituals begin with the sighting of the moon. This is followed by the Aser ki Namaz.[21] Every night a mehfil-i-sama takes place at the Mahfil Khana of the complex, in which women are allowed to participate (which is not common in a dargah).[22] The urs end with the Qul, the final prayer.[19] During this period, pilgrims attempt to enter the dargah as many times as possible and make their prayers. The Bihisti Darwaza(made of silver) is washed with rose water by pilgrims in the afternoon. It is believed that roses offered to the dargah during the festival are sourced from Pushkar.[20]

About five lakh people, the approximate population of the city of Ajmer, come to attend the urs. About 2700 buses of pilgrims enter the city.[23] The Indian Railways launches a special train service, the Garib Nawaz trains, to facilitate transport for pilgrims around the country.[13] Vishram Sthali in the Kayad locality of Ajmer serves as a place for lakhs of pilgrims to stay during this time,[24] although every kind of accommodation is occupied with the sheer number of pilgrims.[19] In March 2020, it was announced that a large guest house, Rubath, would be constructed in Ajmer for the same.[25]

Major events

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Chadar offerings

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  • Various Public figure sent 'chadar' during the Urs.
  • A red and green ‘chadar’ offered by the United States Embassy on behalf of US President Barack Obama and the people of the country was presented at the Ajmer Sharif Dargah on the occasion of the 803rd Urs with a message of ‘deepest friendship’ and ‘peace’.
  • Delhi Chief Minister Arvind Kejriwal sent a 'chadar' offered at the dargah of Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti in Ajmer on the occasion of the Sufi saint's 809th Urs on Wednesday and prayed for the end of COVID-19.
  • Congress leader Rahul Gandhi met a delegation of the Congress Minority Department in the presence of its National Chairman Imran Pratapgarhi and others and sent a chadar for the 810th Urs of Ajmer Sharif Dargah.
  • Chadar by Afghan President Ashraf Ghani for Ajmer Sharif arrived from Kabul and was offered at the Dargah in 2021.[26]
  • In 2015, Prime Minister Narendra Modi handed over a 'chadar' offered at the Ajmer Sharif dargah, in a meeting with Muslim clerics on 808th Urs of Moinuddin Chisty.[27]

Ajmer rape case

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Main article: Ajmer rape case

The 1992 Ajmer scandal was a series of gangrapes and blackmailing where reportedly 250 school and college going girls aged between 11 and 20 years were the vicitms of this monstrous crime. The perpetrators were a group of men led by Farooq and Nafis Chishty, extended members of the Khadim family that oversees the caretaking of the Ajmer Sharif Dargah.

2007 bombing

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Main article: Ajmer Dargah bombing

On 11 October 2007, an explosion occurred in Dargah Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti's courtyard in Ajmer in Rajasthan. It was the holy fasting period of Ramazan and evening prayers had just ended. A crowd had gathered at the courtyard to break their fast. A bomb was placed inside a tiffin carrier went off. Reports said the blast claimed 7 lives and injured 17.[28][29]

Special Judge Dinesh Gupta's nearly 500-page judgment was based on testimonies of 149 witnesses and 451 document submitted to his court.[28][29]

On 22 March 2017, the National Investigation Agency (NIA) Special Court, sentenced two murderers named Bhavesh Patel and Davendra Gupta to life imprisonment, who were convicted along with Sunil Joshi, all of them ex-pracharaks of Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh. Those convicted were held guilty under the Unlawful Activities Prevention Act, Explosives Act and various sections of Indian Penal Code.[28][29][30]

Call for beheading

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On 5 July 2022, Salman Chishti, a khadem at the Dargah, was arrested after he allegedly called for the beheading of suspended Bharatiya Janata Party spokesperson Nupur Sharma for her remarks against Muhammad.[31]

Court notice issue

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On 27 November 2024, the Ajmer Civil Court issued notices to the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) and other authorities in response to a petition, filed by Hindu Sena, that claimed the site to have been built over a Shiva temple and prayed for a survey by ASI. The petition was based on the book Ajmer: Historical and Descriptive, by Har Bilas Sarda which narrates the tradition says that inside the cellar is the image of Mahadeva in a temple. The Dargah Committee has rejected the claims, calling them divisive and harmful to communal harmony.[32][33][34]

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The 1973 Indian film Mere Gharib Nawaz, directed by G. Ishwar, centres around a family who overcomes adversities through their piety at the shrine of Moinuddin Chishti in Ajmer.[35] Other Indian films revolving around the dargah and the saint include Sultan E Hind (1973) by K. Sharif, Mere Data Garib Nawaz (1994) by M Gulzar Sultani.[36][37]

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  • Dargah Sharif, Ajmer, 1893
    Dargah Sharif, Ajmer, 1893
  • Buland Darwaza, erected by Sultan Mahmood Khilji
    Buland Darwaza, erected by Sultan Mahmood Khilji
  • Mausoleum of Moinuddin Chishti
    Mausoleum of Moinuddin Chishti
  • Qawali at the front of Dargah
    Qawali at the front of Dargah
  • Inside the mausoleum
    Inside the mausoleum
  • Dargah Emblem
    Dargah Emblem
Night View of Ajmer Sharif Dargah

See also

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Footnotes

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  1. ^ This "high gate" or "buland darwaza" should not be confused with Akbar's more famous Buland Darwaza in Fatehpur Sikri.
  2. ^ Sultan Mahmood Khilji II (Shihab-ud-Din Mahmud Shah II) ruled Malwa from 1510 to 1531.

References

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Citations

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  1. ^ "Barack Obama offers 'chadar' at Ajmer Dargah Sharif for Chishty's 803rd Urs". DNA India. 19 April 2015. Archived from the original on 1 January 2017. Retrieved 4 February 2018.
  2. ^ Srivastava, Ashirbadi Lal (1964). Medieval Indian Culture. Shiva Lal Agarwala. p. 80. Archived from the original on 19 May 2024. Retrieved 25 July 2020. Born in Sijistan about 1141.
  3. ^ Findly 1993, p. 189: "Jahangir opened his memoirs with a tribute to the Sufi, calling him 'the fountainhead of most of the saints of India', and in late 1608 he recalled his father's pilgrimage with Mariam-uz-Zamani to Khawja Moinuddin Chisti's shrine in hopes of sons by making his own pilgrimage to Akbar's tomb in Sikandra."
  4. ^ Ahmad, Aziz (1964). Studies in Islamic Culture in the Indian Environment. Clarendon Press.
  5. ^ a b c d e f Tankha, Madhur (3 September 2019). "The future of the Ajmer dargah". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Archived from the original on 25 July 2020. Retrieved 25 July 2020.
  6. ^ a b Huda (2003), p. 64
  7. ^ Rippin, Andrew, ed. (15 April 2008). The Blackwell Companion to the Qur'an. John Wiley & Sons. p. 357. ISBN 978-1-4051-7844-0. Archived from the original on 19 May 2024. Retrieved 25 July 2020.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h Safvi, Rana (17 February 2019). "In the Chishti shrine in Ajmer". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 26 July 2020.
  9. ^ Mazumdar, Rakhi (1 September 2018). "Ajmer Sharif Dargah to be revamped into a Swacch Iconic Place". The Economic Times. Archived from the original on 12 January 2021. Retrieved 25 July 2020.
  10. ^ a b c d e "Quick Guide: Ajmer, Rajasthan". Outlook Traveller. 10 July 2015. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 26 July 2020.
  11. ^ a b c "The journey to Ajmer Sharif - from Akbar to Zardari". Deccan Herald. 5 April 2012. Archived from the original on 12 August 2022. Retrieved 25 July 2020.
  12. ^ a b c Peer, Basharat (16 July 2001). "Musharraf seeks brush with the divine in Ajmer". Rediff. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 26 July 2020.
  13. ^ a b c "Preparations for Urs in full swing at Ajmer dargah". The Times of India. Jaipur. 13 May 2011. Archived from the original on 30 September 2020. Retrieved 26 July 2020.
  14. ^ a b Huda (2003), pp. 68–70
  15. ^ a b Murshed, Meher (16 March 2012). "Why these two shrines of Moinuddin Chishti in Ajmer and Nizamuddin Auliya in Delhi are glorious symbols of tolerance in India". Gulf News. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 26 July 2020.
  16. ^ "Ajmer sharif dargah Dunia ki sabse badi deg Kisne banwayi thi kyu banwai kis cheez say bani thi deg". YouTube. December 2021. Archived from the original on 19 May 2024. Retrieved 20 February 2022.
  17. ^ Grewal, Kairvy (2 March 2020). "Over 200 Pakistani pilgrims visit Ajmer Sharif dargah for Urs after two years". ThePrint. Archived from the original on 25 July 2020. Retrieved 25 July 2020.
  18. ^ Akbar, Sohail (3 February 2018). "Ajmer Sharif's Photo Booths Capture an Islam that is Diverse and Local". Economic and Political Weekly. 53 (5). ISSN 2349-8846. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 26 July 2020.
  19. ^ a b c Soofi, Mayank Austen (3 February 2012). "The sufi solution". Livemint. Archived from the original on 23 April 2020. Retrieved 25 July 2020.
  20. ^ a b Ghosh, Arun (1992). "Travel Diary: A Rajasthan Scenario". Economic and Political Weekly. 27 (5): 185–186. ISSN 0012-9976. JSTOR 41625319. Archived from the original on 11 February 2023. Retrieved 15 August 2020.
  21. ^ "Ajmer Urs begins as Gori family hoists flag". The Times of India. Jaipur. 15 March 2018. Archived from the original on 6 November 2023. Retrieved 25 July 2020.
  22. ^ Pemberton, Kelly (2013). Women Mystics and Sufi Shrines in India. University of South Carolina Press. p. 155. ISBN 978-1-61117-232-4. Archived from the original on 19 May 2024. Retrieved 26 July 2020.
  23. ^ Saran, Mitali (12 August 2015). "The heart of Sufis: Ajmer-Sharif". Outlook Traveller. Archived from the original on 27 July 2020. Retrieved 27 July 2020.
  24. ^ "Rajasthan falls short of 3,000 quarantine beds". The Times of India. Jaipur. 2 April 2020. Archived from the original on 6 November 2023. Retrieved 26 July 2020.
  25. ^ Khan, Asif Yar (1 March 2020). "Rubath works in Ajmer to begin soon". Telangana Today. Archived from the original on 27 July 2020. Retrieved 27 July 2020.
  26. ^ "'Chadar' sent by Afghan president Ashraf Ghani to reach Ajmer Sharif on Friday". 18 February 2021. Archived from the original on 20 July 2022. Retrieved 20 July 2022.
  27. ^ "Obama sends chadar of peace to Ajmer dargah". The Indian Express. 20 April 2015. Archived from the original on 6 November 2023. Retrieved 8 June 2022.
  28. ^ a b c "What is the Ajmer Dargah blast case?". The Indian Express. 22 March 2017. Archived from the original on 22 March 2017. Retrieved 22 March 2017.
  29. ^ a b c "Ajmer Blast Case: NIA Court Awards Life Imprisonment to Devendra Gupta, Bhavesh Patel". News18. 22 March 2017. Archived from the original on 22 March 2017. Retrieved 22 March 2017.
  30. ^ "Bhavesh Patel and Devendra Gupta owed their allegiance to RSS in the past as per media trials". The Hindu. 22 March 2017. Archived from the original on 22 March 2017. Retrieved 23 March 2017.
  31. ^ "Ajmer Dargah Cleric Arrested for Offering Bounty on Nupur Sharma". The Quint. Ajmer. 7 July 2022. Archived from the original on 10 July 2022. Retrieved 10 July 2022.
  32. ^ "Petition claims temple beneath Ajmer Sharif; court notice to government, ASI". The Times of India. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 28 November 2024.
  33. ^ "Who is Vishnu Gupta, chief of Hindu Sena who claims there was a temple at Ajmer Dargah site?". The Indian Express. 28 November 2024. Retrieved 28 November 2024.
  34. ^ "Shiva Temple under Ajmer Sharif Dargah? Here is all about the latest controversy". 29 November 2024 – via The Economic Times - The Times of India.
  35. ^ Ramnath, Nandini (4 September 2015). "Prophets and profit: The miraculous world of Indian devotional films". Scroll.in. Archived from the original on 26 November 2020. Retrieved 6 January 2021.
  36. ^ "Sultan E Hind". Eagle Home Entertainments. 3 March 2016. Archived from the original on 2 January 2022. Retrieved 14 March 2021.
  37. ^ "Mere Data Garib Nawaz VCD (1994)". Induna.com. Archived from the original on 2 January 2022. Retrieved 14 March 2021.

Bibliography

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Further reading

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