Jump to content

4X

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from 4x game)
This article is about the board and video game subgenre. For other uses, see 4X (disambiguation).
Detailed empire management, seen here in Freeciv, is a central aspect of 4X strategy games.
Part of a series on
Strategy video games
Subgenres
Lists

4X (abbreviation of Explore, Expand, Exploit, Exterminate) is a subgenre of strategy-based computer and board games,[1][2][3] and includes both turn-based and real-time strategy titles.[4][5] The gameplay generally involves building an empire.[6] Emphasis is placed upon economic and technological development, as well as a range of military and non-military routes to supremacy.

The earliest 4X games borrowed ideas from board games and 1970s text-based computer games. The first 4X computer games were turn-based, but real-time 4X games were also common. Many 4X computer games were published in the mid-1990s, but were later outsold by other types of strategy games. Sid Meier's Civilization is an important example from this formative era, and popularized the level of detail that later became a staple of the genre. In the new millennium, several 4X releases have become critically and commercially successful.

In the board (and card) game domain, 4X is less of a distinct genre, in part because of the practical constraints of components and playing time. The Civilization board game that gave rise to Sid Meier's Civilization, for instance, includes neither exploration nor extermination. Unless extermination is targeted at non-player entities, it tends to be either nearly impossible (because of play balance mechanisms, since player elimination is usually considered an undesirable feature) or certainly unachievable (because victory conditions are triggered before extermination can be completed) in board games.

Definition

[edit]
4X computer games such as Master of Orion II let empires explore the map, expanding by founding new colonies and exploiting their resources. The game can be won by becoming an elected leader of the galaxy, exterminating all opponents, or eliminating the Antarans.

The term "4X" originates from a 1993 preview of Master of Orion in Computer Gaming World by game writer Alan Emrich where he rated the game "XXXX" as a pun on the XXX rating for pornography. The four Xs were an abbreviation for "EXplore, EXpand, EXploit and EXterminate".[7] Emrich wrote, "Quadruple-X - I give MOO a XXXX rating because it features the essential four X's of any good strategic conquest game: EXplore, EXpand, EXploit and EXterminate. In other words, players must rise from humble beginnings, finding their way around the map while building up the largest, most efficient empire possible. Naturally, the other players will be trying to do the same, therefore their extermination becomes a paramount concern. A classic situation, indeed, and when the various parts are properly designed, other X’s seem to follow. Words like EXcite, EXperiment and EXcuses (to one’s significant others) must be added to a gamer’s X-Rating list."[8] It is unknown if this is first use of the term "4x".

By February 1994, another author in the magazine said that Command Adventures: Starship "only pays lip service to the four Xs",[9] and other game commentators adopted the "4X" label to describe similar games.[1]

The 4X game genre has come to be defined as having the four following gameplay conventions:[1][2][3]

  • Explore means players send scouts across a map to reveal surrounding territories.
  • Expand means players claim new territory by creating new settlements, or sometimes by extending the influence of existing settlements.
  • Exploit means players gather and use resources in areas they control, and improve the efficiency of that usage.
  • Exterminate means attacking and eliminating rival players. Since in some games all territory is eventually claimed, eliminating a rival's presence may be the only way to achieve further expansion.

These gameplay elements may happen in separate phases of gameplay, or may overlap with each other over varying lengths of game time depending on game design.[10] For example, the Space Empires series and Galactic Civilizations II: Dark Avatar have a long expansion phase, because players must make large investments in research to explore and expand into all areas.[11][12][13]

Emrich later expanded his concept for designing Master of Orion 3 with a fifth X, eXperience, an aspect that came with the subject matter of the game.[14]

Modern definition

[edit]

In modern-day usage, 4X games are different from other strategy games[15][16][17] such as Command & Conquer[16][18] by their greater complexity and scale,[19] and their complex use of diplomacy.[15]

Reviewers have also said that 4X games feature a range of diplomatic options,[20][21][22][23] and that they are well known for their large detailed empires and complex gameplay.[22][6] In particular, 4X games offer detailed control over an empire's economy, while other computer strategy games simplify this in favor of combat-focused gameplay.[19]

Game design

[edit]

4X computer and board games are a subgenre of strategy games,[1][2][3] and include both turn-based and real-time strategy titles.[4][5] The gameplay involves building an empire,[6] which takes place in a setting such as Earth,[24] a fantasy world, or in space.[10] Each player takes control of a different civilization or race with unique characteristics and strengths. Most 4X games represent these racial differences with a collection of economic and military bonuses.

Research and technology

[edit]
One part of Freeciv's technology tree. Note the complex dependencies between technologies.

4X games typically feature a technology tree, which represents a series of advancements that players can unlock to gain new units, buildings, and other capabilities. Technology trees in 4X games are typically larger than in other strategy games, featuring a larger selection of different choices.[15][25] Empires must generate research resources and invest them in new technology.[26] In 4X games, the main prerequisite for researching an advanced technology is knowledge of earlier technology.[16] This is in contrast to non-4X real-time strategy games, where technological progress is achieved by building structures that grant access to more advanced structures and units.[27]

Research is important in 4X games because technological progress is an engine for conquest.[28] Battles are often won by superior military technology or greater numbers, with battle tactics playing a smaller part.[29][30] In contrast, military upgrades in non-4X games are sometimes small enough that technologically basic units remain important throughout the game.[31]

Combat

[edit]

Combat is an important part of 4X gameplay, because 4X games allow a player to win by exterminating all rival players, or by conquering a threshold amount of the game's universe.[32] Some 4X games, such as Galactic Civilizations, resolve battles automatically, whenever two units from warring sides meet.[33] This is in contrast to other 4X games, such as Master of Orion, that allow players to manage battles on a tactical battle screen.[33][34] Even in 4X games with more detailed control over battles, victory is usually determined by superior numbers and technology, with battle tactics playing a smaller part.[29][30] 4X games differ from other combat-focused strategy games by putting more emphasis on research and economics.[7][19] Researching new technology will grant access to new combat units. Some 4X games even allow players to research different unit components. This is more typical of space 4X games, where players may assemble a ship from a variety of engines, shields, and weaponry.[33]

Peaceful competition

[edit]

4X games allow rival players to engage in diplomacy.[20][21][22][23] While some strategy games may offer shared victory and team play, diplomatic relations tend to be restricted to a binary choice between an ally or enemy. 4X games often allow more complex diplomatic relations between competitors who are not on the same team.[15][16][17] Aside from making allies and enemies, players are also able to trade resources and information with rivals.[5]

In addition to victory through conquest, 4X games offer peaceful victory conditions or goals that involve no extermination of rival players (although war may still be a necessary by-product of reaching said goal).[19] For example, a 4X game may offer victory to a player who achieves a certain score or the highest score after a certain number of turns.[35] Many 4X games award victory to the first player to master an advanced technology, accumulate a large amount of culture, or complete an awe-inspiring achievement.[33] Several 4X games award "diplomatic victory" to anyone who can win an election decided by their rival players,[36][37] or maintain peace for a specified number of turns.[35] Galactic Civilizations has a diplomatic victory which involves having alliances with at least four factions, with no factions outside of one's alliance; there are two ways to accomplish this: ally with all factions, or ally with at least the minimum number of factions and destroy the rest.

Complexity

[edit]

4X games are known for their complex gameplay[22][23] and strategic depth.[6][4][38] Gameplay usually takes priority over elaborate graphics.[25][39] Whereas other strategy games focus on combat, 4X games also offer more detailed control over diplomacy, economics, and research;[7][19] creating opportunities for diverse strategies.[40] This also challenges the player to manage several strategies simultaneously, and plan for long-term objectives.[41]

To experience a detailed model of a large empire, 4X games are designed with a complex set of game rules.[22] For example, the player's productivity may be limited by pollution.[42][43] Players may need to balance a budget, such as managing debt,[44] or paying down maintenance costs.[45] 4X games often model political challenges such as civil disorder,[32][42] or a senate that can oust the player's political party or force them to make peace.[42][46]

FreeCol is typical of 4X games where there is a separate interface for managing each settlement.

Such complexity requires players to manage a larger amount of information than other strategy games.[38] Game designers often organize empire management into different interface screens and modes,[19] such as a separate screen for diplomacy,[47][48] managing individual settlements, and managing battle tactics.[33][34] Sometimes systems are intricate enough to resemble a minigame.[41][49] This is in contrast to most real-time strategy games. Dune II, which arguably established the conventions for the real-time strategy genre, was fundamentally designed to be a "flat interface", with no additional screens.[27]

Gameplay

[edit]

Since 4X games involve managing a large, detailed empire, game sessions usually last longer than other strategy games.[19] Game sessions may require several hours of play-time, which can be particularly problematic for multiplayer matches.[50] For example, a small-scale game in Sins of a Solar Empire can last longer than twelve hours.[22] However, fans of the genre often expect and embrace these long game sessions;[51] Emrich wrote that "when the various parts are properly designed, other X's seem to follow. Words like EXcite, EXperiment and EXcuses (to one's significant others)".[7] Turn-based 4X games typically divide these sessions into hundreds of turns of gameplay.[41][52]

Because of repetitive actions and long-playing times, 4X games have been criticized for excessive micromanagement. In early stages of a game this is usually not a problem, but later in a game directing an empire's numerous settlements can demand several minutes to play a single turn. This increases playing-times, which are a particular burden in multiplayer games.[50] 4X games began to offer AI governors that automate the micromanagement of a colony's build orders, but players criticized these governors for making poor decisions. In response, developers have tried other approaches to reduce micromanagement,[53] and some approaches have been more well received than others. Commentators generally agree that Galactic Civilizations succeeds, which GamingNexus.com attributes to the game's use of programmable governors.[54] Sins of a Solar Empire was designed to reduce the incentives for micromanagement,[55] and reviewers found that the game's interface made empire management more elegant.[23][38] On the other hand, Master of Orion III reduced micromanagement by limiting complete player control over their empire.[56][57]

Victory conditions

[edit]

Most 4X and similar strategy games feature multiple possible ways to win the game. For example, in Civilization, players may win through total domination of all opposing players by conquest of their cities, but may also win through technological achievements (being the first to launch a spacecraft to a new planet), diplomacy (being elected the world leader by other nations), or other means. Multiple victory conditions help to support the human player who may have to shift strategies as the game progresses and opponents secure key resources before the player can. However, these multiple conditions can also give the computer-controlled opponents multiple pathways to potentially outwit the player, who is generally going to be over-powered in certain areas over the computer opponents. A component of the late-game design in 4X games is forcing the player to commit to a specific victory condition by making the cost and resources required to secure it so great that other possible victory conditions may need to be passed over.[58]

History

[edit]

Origin

[edit]
Sid Meier, the creator of the Civilization series of 4X games

Early 4X games were influenced by board games, such as Stellar Conquest published by Metagaming Concepts in 1974, and text-based computer games from the 1970s.[59] Cosmic Balance II, Andromeda Conquest and Reach for the Stars were published in 1983, and are now seen retrospectively as 4X games. Although Andromeda Conquest was only a simple game of empire expansion, Reach for the Stars introduced the relationship between economic growth, technological progress, and conquest.[28] Trade Wars, first released in 1984, though primarily regarded as the first multiplayer space trader, included space exploration, resource management, empire building, expansion and conquest. It has been cited by the author of VGA Planets as an important influence on VGA Planets 4.[60]

In 1991, Sid Meier released Civilization and popularized the level of detail that has become common in the genre.[61] Sid Meier's Civilization was influenced by board games such as Risk and the Avalon Hill board game also called Civilization. A notable similarity between the Civilization computer game and board game is the importance of diplomacy and technological advancement. Sid Meier's Civilization was also influenced by personal computer games, such as the city management game SimCity and the wargame Empire.[62] Civilization became widely successful and influenced many 4X games to come;[61] Computer Gaming World compared its importance to computer gaming to that of the wheel.[63] Armada 2525 was also released in 1991 and was cited by the Chicago Tribune as the best space game of the year.[64] A sequel, Armada 2526, was released in 2009.[65]

In 1991, two highly influential space games were released. VGA Planets was released for the PC, while Spaceward Ho! was released on the Macintosh. Although 4X space games were ultimately more influenced by the complexity of VGA Planets, Spaceward Ho! earned praise for its relatively simple yet challenging game design.[66] Spaceward Ho! is notable for its similarity to the 1993 game Master of Orion,[7][67] with its simple yet deep gameplay.[34] Master of Orion drew upon earlier 4X games such as Reach for the Stars,[7][68] and is considered a classic game that sets a new standard for the genre.[34][50] In a preview of Master of Orion, Emrich coined the term "XXXX" to describe the emerging genre.[7] Eventually, the "4X" label was adopted by the game industry, and is now applied to several earlier game releases.[69]

Peak

[edit]

Following the success of Civilization and Master of Orion, other developers began releasing their own 4X games. In 1994, Stardock launched its first version of the Galactic Civilizations series for OS/2,[70] and the long-standing Space Empires series began as shareware. Ascendancy and Stars! were released in 1995, and both continued the genre's emphasis on strategic depth and empire management.[69] Meanwhile, the Civilization[71] and Master of Orion[72] franchises expanded their market with versions for the Macintosh. Sid Meier's team also produced Colonization in 1994 and Civilization II in 1996,[73] while Simtex released Master of Orion in 1993, Master of Magic in 1994 and Master of Orion II in 1996.[74]

By the late 1990s, real-time strategy games began outselling turn-based games.[75] As they surged in popularity, major 4X developers fell into difficulties. Sid Meier's Firaxis Games released Sid Meier's Alpha Centauri in 1999 to critical acclaim, but the game fell short of commercial expectations.[76] Civilization III encountered development problems followed by a rushed release in 2001.[77] Despite the excitement over Master of Orion III, its release in 2003 was met with criticism for its lack of player control, poor interface, and weak AI.[57] Game publishers eventually became risk-averse to financing the development of 4X games.[6]

Recent history

[edit]

Firaxis has continued to develop the Civilization series, with Civilization IV (2005), Civilization V (2010),[78] and Civilization VI (2016), along with expansion packs for each. Among major changes to the series have been new victory conditions, switching from a square to a hex-based grid, de-stacking military units to encourage more strategic battles, and more customizable options for governance and culture. Firaxis also developed Civilization Revolution (2008) and its sequel (2014) as lightweight, console-friendly versions of 4X games,[79] but brought the full Civilization experience to consoles with Civilization VI. Firaxis also developed a spiritual sequel to Sid Meier's Alpha Centauri with Civilization: Beyond Earth (2014). As of 2021, the Civilization series has sold more than 57 million units.[80]

The Total War series remains in development, with the latest title, Total War: Pharaoh released in 2023.

Stardock entered the market through a remake of the 1993 OS/2 game, Galactic Civilizations (2003), a space-themed 4X game. The game was successful and was compared favorably to Master of Orion, and led Stardock to continue the series with Galactic Civilizations II: Dread Lords (2007), Galactic Civilizations III (2015), and Galactic Civilizations IV (2022).[81][82]

Paradox Interactive is a company that was spun out from developing video game adaptions of board games from Target Games. Through 2000 and 2003, the company began producing their own grand strategy video games, which included the Europa Universalis series dealing with conflicts in early modern Europe, the Crusader Kings series set in the Middle Ages, the Victoria series set in the Victorian period, and the Hearts of Iron series involving World War II. These series, as of 2023, remain under active development at Paradox, along with Stellaris (2016), a grand strategy title based on space conflict.[58] Paradox also acquired the Age of Wonders series, which is a 4X series based on a high fantasy world that includes elements of magic.[83]

Amplitude Studios entered the 4X venue with Endless Space (2012) and its sequel (2017),[84] Endless Legend (2014),[85] and Humankind (2021).[86][87]

The 4X genre has also been extended by gamers who have supported free software releases such as Freeciv,[88] FreeCol,[89] Freeorion, Golden Age of Civilizations,[90] and C-evo.[91] Indie game developers have also contributed towards the 4X genre during the 2010s and 2020s.

Subgenres

[edit]

Grand strategy games

[edit]

Grand strategy games, such as Hearts of Iron, Crusader Kings, or Stellaris, are a sub-genre or sister genre of 4X that typically require even more detailed planning and execution than games like Civilization or Master of Orion. Within the realm of tabletop wargaming where grand strategy games originate, they are conventionally defined as those games in which the player governs all the capacities of a nation-state, including its economy, diplomacy, and internal politics, with a focus on grand strategy (a nation-state's generalised prerogative in defining and pursuing its interests on the world stage), as against games where the player mostly commands the military during wartime. In computer gaming, this definition holds considerable overlap with that of 4X games, thus a more restrictive set of defining traits are usually used.

Grand strategy games are typically more strategically open than 4X games, which often have well-defined, instantaneous victory conditions such as "conquer everyone" or "win the space race". Grand strategy games typically lack such victory conditions and instead scope themselves over a definite period of time, with specific starting and ending dates. As in 4X games, at the end of a campaign players are usually ranked on their overall achievements, and in grand strategies this is usually the only factor accounted for in victory. This results in longer, more complex and free-form campaigns structured largely by player-driven goals.

Grand strategy games also differ from traditional 4X games in being "asymmetrical", meaning that players are bound to play out specific (often historical) starting conditions, rather than play as a set of equally free factions exploring and progressing in an open world. For example, 4X Civilization starts all players on equal footing, as small tribes in a largely ahistoric wilderness, while grand strategies seek to at least approximately represent the actual conditions of their time period, even when those are not fairly balanced toward all players.

The open-ended, sprawling, and convoluted nature of grand strategy campaigns makes even major asymmetries strategically tractable: with no hard victory conditions, players in grand strategy games are not implicitly engaged to compete in a race to the finish. As there is no way for players to "rush" toward instant victory thresholds (military or otherwise), and thus no simple way for any one player to credibly brandish the threat of imminent and irremediable defeat against the others, contest in grand strategies typically emerges more organically than in 4X games, when and where it is geopolitically meaningful, rather than as the inevitable outcome of a game's initial configuration as a battle royal.[92]

Real-time hybrid 4X

[edit]

Eventually real-time 4X games were released, such as Imperium Galactica in 1997,[4] Starships Unlimited in 2001,[5] and Sword of the Stars in 2006, featuring a combination of turn-based strategy and real-time tactical combat. The blend of 4X and real-time strategy gameplay led Ironclad Games to market their 2008 release Sins of a Solar Empire as a "RT4X" game.[2][93] This combination of features earned the game a mention as one of the top games from 2008, including GameSpot's award for best strategy game, and IGN's award for best PC game.[94][95][96][97] The Total War series, debuting in 2000 with Shogun: Total War, combines a turn-based campaign map and real-time tactical battles.

4X in board games

[edit]

Cross-fertilization between board games and video games continued. For example, some aspects of Master of Orion III were drawn from the first edition of the board game Twilight Imperium.[98] Even Sins of a Solar Empire was inspired by the idea of adapting the board game Buck Rogers Battle for the 25th Century into a real-time video game.[99] Going in the opposite direction, in 2002 Eagle Games made a board game adaptation of Sid Meier's Civilization, entitled simply Sid Meier's Civilization: The Boardgame, significantly different from the board game that had inspired the computer game in the first place.[100] Another remake based on that series, under a very similar title, Sid Meier's Civilization: The Board Game, was released in 2010 by Fantasy Flight Games, followed by Civilization: A New Dawn in 2017.[101][102]

Through the Ages: A Story of Civilization is a board game for 2–4 players designed by Vlaada Chvatil and published by Czech Board Games in 2006. Its theme is the development of human civilization and the players determine the progress of their own civilization in different fields including culture, government, leadership, religion and science.[103] The game won multiple awards including the International Gamers Awards in 2007 and Game of the Year in Poland in 2010, where it was published as Cywilizacja: Poprzez Wieki.[104] Scythe is a board game for one to five players designed by Jamey Stegmaier and published by Stonemaier Games in 2016. Set in an alternate history version of 1920s Europe, players control factions that produce resources, develop economic infrastructure, and use dieselpunk war machines, called "mechs", to engage in combat and control territories.[105] Players take up to two actions per turn using individual player boards, and the game proceeds until one player has earned six achievements. At this point, the players receive coins for the achievements they have attained and the territories they control, and the player with the most coins is declared the winner.[106] As of June 2023, BoardGameGeek listed slightly over 200 board games classified under 4X type, including titles such as Eclipse (2011) and Heroes of Land, Air & Sea (2018).[107]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d Habib, J. "PyroFalkon" (2006-08-17). "Civilization IV: Warlords Guide". IGN. Archived from the original on 2012-03-12. Retrieved 2014-05-05.
  2. ^ a b c d "Gameplay". Sins of a Solar Empire. Ironclad Games. Archived from the original on December 17, 2007. Sins of a Solar Empire is a "RT4X" game, blending the epic strategy and empire management of the 4X genre with the fast-paced and tactical elements of a real-time strategy title.
  3. ^ a b c "Moby Games' 4x games Group Description". MobyGames. Archived from the original on 18 June 2008. Retrieved 2008-06-23.
  4. ^ a b c d Butts, Steve (2008-02-15). "Sins of a Solar Empire". IGN. Archived from the original on 2012-03-05. Retrieved 2011-09-29.
  5. ^ a b c d Abner, William (January 2002). "GameSpy Reviews: Starships Unlimited: Divided Galaxies". GameSpy. Archived from the original on 2007-06-29. Retrieved 2008-06-23.
  6. ^ a b c d e Accardo, Sal (2006). "GameSpy's Game of the Year 2006 6. Galactic Civilizations II: Dread Lords". GameSpy. Archived from the original on 8 April 2008. Retrieved 2008-03-31.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g Emrich, Alan (September 1993). "MicroProse's Strategic Space Opera is Rated XXXX". Computer Gaming World (Issue #110). pp. 92–93. Archived from the original on 2014-07-16. Retrieved 2014-07-30.
  8. ^ Alan Emrich (September 1993). "MicroProse' Strategic Space Opera is Rated XXXX! A Revealing Sneak Preview". Computer Gaming World (Issue #110).
  9. ^ Cirulis, Martin E. (February 1994). "Adventures in Cynicism". Computer Gaming World. pp. 110, 112. Archived from the original on 2017-10-03. Retrieved 2017-11-09.
  10. ^ a b Chick, Tom (2000-10-02). "PC Retroview: Master of Orion II". IGN. Archived from the original on 2009-02-20. Retrieved 2008-07-26.
  11. ^ "Space Empires III Manual v1.10". Malfador. 1998-01-21. Archived from the original on 13 June 2008. Retrieved 2008-06-24.
  12. ^ Butts, Steve (2007-02-12). "Galactic Civilizations II: Dark Avatar Review". IGN. Archived from the original on 2008-09-18. Retrieved 2008-07-26.
  13. ^ Lackey, Jeff (2007-02-28). "Review – Galactic Civilizations II: Dark Avatar". GameSpot. Archived from the original on 5 September 2008. Retrieved 2008-07-26.
  14. ^ "Interview: Master of Orion III – A Chat with the Developers". GameSpy.com. 14 January 2009. Archived from the original on 14 January 2009. Retrieved 8 February 2022.
  15. ^ a b c d Molloy, Sean. "Sins of a Solar Empire Preview". 1UP.com. Archived from the original on 2013-01-01. Retrieved 2008-06-23.
  16. ^ a b c d "Moby Games' 4x games Group Description". MobyGames. Archived from the original on 18 June 2008. Retrieved 2008-06-23.
  17. ^ a b GameDaily Staff (2008-02-05). "Sins of a Solar Empire Review (PC)". Archived from the original on 24 June 2008. Retrieved 2008-07-31.
  18. ^ Ocampo, Jason (2008-02-13). "Sins of a Solar Empire for PC Review – GameSpot". GameSpot. Archived from the original on 2013-01-10. Retrieved 2014-05-05.
  19. ^ a b c d e f g GFW Staff (2007-02-20). "Previews: Sins of a Solar Empire". 1UP.com. Archived from the original on 2013-01-01. Retrieved 2008-07-26.
  20. ^ a b "Starships Unlimited: Divided Galaxies". Deaf Gamers. 2000. Archived from the original on 2012-02-05. Retrieved 2014-05-05.
  21. ^ a b YourConscience (2006-12-16). "GalCiv2, SotS, SEV: a 4X Comparison". Tacticular Cancer. Archived from the original on 2008-12-11. Retrieved 2008-07-26.
  22. ^ a b c d e f Cavalli, Earnest (2008-03-17). "Review: Sins of a Solar Empire Sinfully Good". Wired. Archived from the original on 2009-05-04. Retrieved 2008-06-23.
  23. ^ a b c d VanDyk, Dave (2008-02-14). "Sins of a Solar Empire Review". GameShark. Archived from the original on 16 May 2008. Retrieved 2008-06-23.
  24. ^ Cook, Brad (July 2006). "Find New Ways to Conquer the World in Civilization IV". Apple. Archived from the original on 25 July 2008. Retrieved 2008-06-27.
  25. ^ a b Dobson, Jason (2008-02-01). "Joystiq interview: Ironclad talks 4X strategy with Sins of a Solar Empire". Joystiq. Archived from the original on 6 July 2008. Retrieved 2008-06-23.
  26. ^ Rollings, Andrew; Adams, Ernest (2003). Andrew Rollings and Ernest Adams on Game Design. New Riders Publishing. pp. 321–345. ISBN 1-59273-001-9. Archived from the original on 2010-09-17. Retrieved 2011-02-03.
  27. ^ a b Geryk, Bruce (2001-03-30). "A History of Real-Time Strategy Games – Dune II". GameSpot. Archived from the original on 2008-05-16. Retrieved 2008-07-26.
  28. ^ a b Geryk, Bruce (2001-08-08). "History of Space Empire Games – The Early Years 1980–1992". GameSpot. Archived from the original on 2013-03-08. Retrieved 2014-05-05.
  29. ^ a b Rausch, Allen "Delsyn" (2003-03-28). "GameSpy Review – Galactic Civilizations". GameSpy. Archived from the original on 2012-09-07. Retrieved 2014-05-05.
  30. ^ a b Butts, Steve (2006-12-04). "IGN – Space Empires V Review". IGN. Archived from the original on 2008-10-14. Retrieved 2008-07-26.
  31. ^ Dulin, Ron (1998-04-15). "StarCraft for PC Review". GameSpot. Archived from the original on 2012-12-06. Retrieved 2014-05-05.
  32. ^ a b Lackey, Jeff (2006-11-03). "GameSpot Review – Space Empires V". GameSpot. Archived from the original on 2013-01-02. Retrieved 2014-05-05.
  33. ^ a b c d e Brenesal, Barry (2003-04-08). "Galactic Civilizations Review". IGN. Archived from the original on 6 July 2008. Retrieved 2008-07-26.
  34. ^ a b c d Geryk, Bruce (2001-08-08). "History of Space Empire Games – Master of Orion II: Battle at Antares". GameSpot. Archived from the original on 2013-01-02. Retrieved 2014-05-05.
  35. ^ a b Lafferty, Michael (2000-08-31). "Space Empires IV Preview". Game Zone. Archived from the original on 2005-02-16. Retrieved 2008-07-26.
  36. ^ Parker, Sam (2003-03-24). "Review – Master of Orion III (PC)". CNet. Archived from the original on 2008-12-11. Retrieved 2008-07-26.
  37. ^ Butts, Steve (2007-06-21). "IGN Preview – Civilization IV: Beyond the Sword Hands On". IGN. Archived from the original on 25 July 2008. Retrieved 2008-07-26.
  38. ^ a b c Booth, Neil (2008-02-19). "Sins of a Solar Empire Review". PALGN. Archived from the original on 2009-07-03. Retrieved 2008-06-23.
  39. ^ Quick, Dan (February 2002). "Master of Orion III Developer Chat". GameSpy. Archived from the original on 2008-04-21. Retrieved 2008-06-23.
  40. ^ "Sins of a Solar Empire FAQ". Ironclad Games. Archived from the original on 15 May 2008. Retrieved 2008-06-23.
  41. ^ a b c Bates, Jason. "IGN: Space Empires IV Review". IGN. Archived from the original on 2007-11-01. Retrieved 2008-04-01.
  42. ^ a b c Caspian-Kaufman, Jonatha (1996). Sid Meier's Civilization II Instruction Manual. MicroProse. pp. 67–71, 80–83.
  43. ^ Barcia, Steve (1993). Master of Orion – Game manual (PDF). MicroProse. p. 62. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-27. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
  44. ^ Ocampo, Jason (2006-02-07). "Gamespot Review – Galactic Civilizations II: Dread Lords Hands-On – The Spiritual Heir to Master of Orion II?". GameSpot. Archived from the original on 2006-12-22. Retrieved 2008-07-26.
  45. ^ Butts, Steve (2006-07-17). "IGN Preview – Civilization IV: Warlords". IGN. Archived from the original on 2008-01-05. Retrieved 2008-07-26.
  46. ^ Butts, Steve (2003-02-04). "IGN Preview – Galactic Civilizations". IGN. Archived from the original on 2006-12-14. Retrieved 2008-07-26.
  47. ^ Rausch, Allen "Delsyn" (2003-03-28). "GameSpy Review – Galactic Civilizations". GameSpy. Archived from the original on 2012-09-05. Retrieved 2014-05-05.
  48. ^ YourConscience (2007-10-07). "Review – Lost Empire". Tacticular Cancer. Archived from the original on 2008-05-04. Retrieved 2008-07-26.
  49. ^ Abner, William (2006-03-28). "Galactic Civilizations II: Dread Lords Review". GameShark. Archived from the original on 19 July 2008. Retrieved 2008-07-26.
  50. ^ a b c Villines, Joshua (2001-07-04). "Master of Orion 3 preview for PC – Game Revolution". Game Revolution. Archived from the original on 2008-10-10. Retrieved 2008-07-26.
  51. ^ Stardock (2007-01-19). "Feature: Galactic Civlizations [sic] II Alien Races, Part IV". IGN. Archived from the original on 19 July 2008. Retrieved 2008-08-15.
  52. ^ Parker, Sam (2002-12-18). "Master of Orion III Hands-On Preview". GameSpot. Archived from the original on 2008-12-12. Retrieved 2008-08-19.
  53. ^ Butts, Steve (2001-06-21). "IGN – Galactic Civilizations Interview". IGN. Archived from the original on 2007-09-14. Retrieved 2008-07-26.
  54. ^ Sager, Tyler (2006-06-16). "Galactic Civilizations Review". Gaming Nexus. Archived from the original on 2008-12-11. Retrieved 2008-07-26.
  55. ^ Cork, Jeff (2008-02-04). "Game Informer: Thoughts On Sins – An Interview With Blair Fraser". Game Informer. Archived from the original on April 22, 2008. Retrieved 2008-06-23.
  56. ^ "MicroProse's MASTER OF ORION III Takes Galactic Empire Building a Step Higher" (Press release). Quicksilver Software. 2000-05-11. Archived from the original on 2008-10-06. Retrieved 2008-07-26.
  57. ^ a b "Master of Orion 3 reviews". Metacritic. Archived from the original on 2011-07-19. Retrieved 2008-06-20.
  58. ^ a b Robinson, Joe (July 26, 2021). "From Civilization to Stellaris, how strategy games struggle against player power". PCGamesN. Retrieved July 26, 2021.
  59. ^ Kosak, Dave "Fargo". "Rich "Zdim" Carlson of Looking Glass Studios: The History of Computer Games – Part I". GameSpy. Archived from the original on 17 June 2008. Retrieved 2008-06-18.
  60. ^ "History of VGA Planets". Official TradeWars Museum. Retrieved 7 March 2021.
  61. ^ a b "IGN Videogame Hall of Fame: Civilization". IGN. Archived from the original on 5 May 2008. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
  62. ^ Edwards, Benj. "The History of Civilization". Gamasutra. Archived from the original on 31 May 2008. Retrieved 2008-05-21.
  63. ^ Emrich, Alan (December 1991). "Making the Best of All Possible Worlds". Computer Gaming World. pp. 86–90. Archived from the original on 2013-12-03. Retrieved 2018-03-17.
  64. ^ Lynch, Dennis (January 31, 1992). "The best and worst of 1991". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on November 21, 2020. Retrieved February 11, 2020.
  65. ^ Butts, Steve (May 9, 2012). "Armada 2526 Hands On". IGN. Archived from the original on September 15, 2020. Retrieved February 11, 2020.
  66. ^ Geryk, Bruce (2001-08-08). "GameSpot – A History of Space Empire Games: VGA Planets and Spaceward Ho!". GameSpot. Archived from the original on 2013-01-02. Retrieved 2014-05-05.
  67. ^ Ocampo, Jason (2005-08-26). "The Greatest Games of All Time: Master of Orion". GameSpot. Archived from the original on 2005-11-13. Retrieved 2008-07-29.
  68. ^ Walker, Mark H. (February 2002). "Strategy Gaming: Part IV – In the Beginning". GameSpy. Archived from the original on 2008-01-08. Retrieved 2008-07-25.
  69. ^ a b Geryk, Bruce (2001-08-08). "History of Space Empire Games – Introduction". GameSpot. Archived from the original on 2007-09-29. Retrieved 2014-05-05.
  70. ^ "Galactic Civilizations Gold". StarDock. Archived from the original on 16 June 2008. Retrieved 2008-06-22.
  71. ^ "MobyGames – Sid Meier's Civilization". MobyGames. Archived from the original on 16 June 2008. Retrieved 2008-06-24.
  72. ^ "Master of Orion II for Mac". GameSpot. 1996. Archived from the original on 2012-07-22. Retrieved 2014-05-05.
  73. ^ "MobyGames – Sid Meier Video Game Credits". MobyGames. 2008-06-24. Archived from the original on 2008-02-29. Retrieved 2008-06-20.
  74. ^ "MobyGames – List of all games of Simtex". MobyGames. Archived from the original on 2010-05-05. Retrieved 2009-02-20.
  75. ^ Walker, Mark H. (February 2002). "Strategy Gaming: Part V – Real-Time vs. Turn-Based". GameSpy. Archived from the original on 2012-09-01. Retrieved 2014-05-05.
  76. ^ Tito, Greg (2005-10-04). "Featured Article: Alpha Centauri". The Escapist. Archived from the original on 2007-10-22. Retrieved 2008-07-28.
  77. ^ Gillen, Kieron (2008-02-08). "Making Of: Soren Johnson On Civ 4". Rock Paper Shotgun. Archived from the original on 2008-09-22. Retrieved 2008-07-26.
  78. ^ "2K Games Conquers PCs with the Release of Sid Meier's Civilization V on September 21, 2010 in North America". 2K Games. 2010-06-11. Archived from the original on 1 July 2010. Retrieved 2010-07-23.
  79. ^ Bramwell, Tom (2007-07-16). "Firaxis explains lack of Civ PSP". EuroGamer. Archived from the original on 2009-02-13. Retrieved 2008-07-26.
  80. ^ Makuch, Eddie (May 18, 2021). "GTA 5 Has Now Sold 145M Copies; NFL Game Delayed, New Gearbox Game Coming". GameSpot. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on May 18, 2021. Retrieved May 18, 2021.
  81. ^ Gillen, Kieron (2006-03-06). "Review: Galactic Civilizations II: Dread Lords". EuroGamer. Archived from the original on 2009-02-13. Retrieved 2008-07-28.
  82. ^ 1up Staff (2003-03-26). "Reviews: Galactic Civilizations". 1up. Archived from the original on 2012-07-16. Retrieved 2008-07-28.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  83. ^ "Paradox Interactive acquires Age of Wonders dev Triumph Studios". 30 June 2017.
  84. ^ "Endless Space 2 review: Mood meets 4X strategy". PCWorld. Retrieved 2021-10-27.
  85. ^ "Endless Legend seeks the perfect imbalance to keep players exploring and exterminating". Polygon. 22 July 2014.
  86. ^ Wallis, Alistair (2007-07-26). "Stardock's Wardell Talks GalCiv, Indie Power". Gamasutra. Archived from the original on 2008-10-25. Retrieved 2008-07-26.
  87. ^ Toms, Ollie (August 19, 2019). "Humankind release date, trailer, gameplay, everything we know about Amplitude's new 4X "Magnum Opus"". Rock Paper Shotgun. Retrieved August 19, 2019.
  88. ^ "Mobygames: Freeciv". MobyGames. Archived from the original on 2008-10-08. Retrieved 2008-07-28.
  89. ^ "FreeCol SourceForge project of the month". SourceForge. 2007-02-28. Archived from the original on 20 January 2009. Retrieved 2009-01-15.
  90. ^ "Golden Age of Civilizations". Archived from the original on 2016-01-12.
  91. ^ Clare, Oliver (2007-01-29). "Priceless Victories". EuroGamer. Archived from the original on 2016-11-07. Retrieved 2008-07-28.
  92. ^ Hailes, Aidan (11 August 2019). "The Rhythms of Digital History: A Guide to Historical Grand Strategy Games". 25YL. Retrieved 8 February 2022.
  93. ^ Surette, Tim (2007-03-21). "Sins of a Solar Empire beta unveiled". GameSpot. Archived from the original on 2020-11-21. Retrieved 2008-07-26.
  94. ^ "GameSpot Best Games of 2008: Best Strategy Game". GameSpot. 2008-12-24. Archived from the original on 2013-01-24. Retrieved 2014-05-05.
  95. ^ "GameSpy 2008 Game of the Year – PC Top 10". GameSpy. December 2008. Archived from the original on 2013-12-14. Retrieved 2014-05-05.
  96. ^ "IGN PC: PC Game of the Year 2008". IGN. December 2008. Archived from the original on 2013-11-03. Retrieved 2014-05-05.
  97. ^ Alexander, Leigh; Caoili, Eric; Carless, Simon; Nutt, Christian; Remo, Chris (2008-12-30). "Gamasutra's Best of 2008". GamaSutra. Archived from the original on 2009-01-31. Retrieved 2008-01-15.
  98. ^ "Master of Orion III – Designer's Diary". QuickSilver Software. 2000-12-13. Archived from the original on 2008-05-13. Retrieved 2008-07-26.
  99. ^ Fraser, Blair; Wardell, Brad (2008-04-28). "Postmortem: Ironclad/Stardock's Sins of a Solar Empire". Gamasutra. Archived from the original on 14 July 2008. Retrieved 2008-07-25.
  100. ^ Bub, Andrew S. (2004-08-20). "Eagle Games' Glen Drover talks about Pirates, The Boardgame!". GameSpy. Archived from the original on 9 July 2008. Retrieved 2008-07-26.
  101. ^ "Civilization Has A New Board Game". Kotaku. 15 August 2017. Retrieved 2021-03-01.
  102. ^ "The Civilization: A New Dawn Board Game Might Be Too Streamlined". Paste Magazine. 2018-05-04. Retrieved 2021-03-01.
  103. ^ Brian Mayer, Christopher Harris (2009). Libraries got game. American Library Association. pp. 54, 123. ISBN 978-0-8389-1009-2.
  104. ^ David Welsh (April 28, 2010). "Through the Ages Wins Polish Game Award". Game Salute. Archived from the original on April 25, 2012.
  105. ^ Zimmerman, Aaron (July 30, 2016). "Scythe review: The most-hyped board game of 2016 delivers". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on July 30, 2016. Retrieved August 12, 2017.
  106. ^ Guarino, Ben (September 16, 2016). "The Most Hyped Board Game of 2016 Earned It". Inverse. Archived from the original on April 1, 2017. Retrieved August 13, 2017.
  107. ^ "Mechanism: 4X | Family | BoardGameGeek". boardgamegeek.com. Retrieved 2021-03-01.

Retrieved from "http://en.wiki.x.io/w/index.php?title=4X&oldid=1260149466"