Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip
Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Part of the Israel–Hamas war | |||||||
![]() Gaza Strip under Palestinian control
Gaza Strip under Israeli control
Furthest Israeli advance in Gaza Strip
Evacuated areas inside Israel
Maximum extent of the 2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel Area of Gaza subject to Israeli evacuation orders See here for a more detailed map. | |||||||
| |||||||
Belligerents | |||||||
![]() |
![]() Allies: ![]() | ||||||
Commanders and leaders | |||||||
Units involved | |||||||
![]()
| |||||||
Strength | |||||||
~40,000[31] | Al-Qassam Brigades: 20,000–40,000[32] | ||||||
Casualties and losses | |||||||
Per Israel: Per Al-Qassam Brigades: Per Yedioth Ahronoth:
|
Per Euro-Med Monitor: Per the US: Per Israel: | ||||||
32,331 Palestinian civilians killed, 60,128 Palestinians injured (Per Euro-Med Monitor)[39][46] ~16,000 Palestinian civilians killed (Per Israel)[47] 35,303 Palestinians killed, 60,294 injured (Per the Gaza Health Ministry)[48][49] 64 Israeli hostages killed (per Israel)[50] 70+ Israeli hostages killed (per Hamas)[51] |
The Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip is a major part of the Israel–Hamas war. Starting on 7 October 2023, immediately after the Hamas-led attacks, Israel began the bombing of Gaza Strip; on 13 October, Israel began ground operations in Gaza, and on 27 October, a full-scale invasion was launched. Israel's campaign, called Operation Swords of Iron, has two stated goals: to destroy Hamas and to free the hostages.[52][53] More than 35,000 Palestinians have been killed in Gaza since the Israeli operation began,[54] including more than 7,800 children and 4,900 women, with another 10,000 people missing and presumed dead under the rubble of destroyed buildings.[55] There are allegations that Israel has committed war crimes and genocide during the invasion.
By mid-December, Israel had dropped 29,000 munitions on Gaza, destroying or damaging 70 percent of homes, destroying hundreds of cultural landmarks, and damaging dozens of cemeteries.[56][57][58][59] Experts say that the scale and pace of destruction in Gaza is among the severest in recent history.[60][61] A severe humanitarian crisis has developed, with healthcare in a state of collapse,[62] shortages of food, clean water, medicine and fuel due to the blockade,[63][64][65] electricity and communications blackouts,[66] and the UN warning of potential famine.[67] It was widely reported that there is "no safe place in Gaza", as Israel struck areas it had previously told Palestinians to evacuate to.[68][69][70] Nearly all 2.3 million Gazans have been internally displaced[71] and 250,000 to 500,000 Israelis were internally displaced,[72][73][74] while Israel has detained thousands of Palestinians[75][76][77] and said it lost 327 additional soldiers in its invasion as of 20 July 2024.[78]
The widespread civilian deaths have led to accusations of war crimes against both Israel and Hamas.[79][80] As a result of the invasion, South Africa instituted proceedings against Israel in the International Court of Justice (ICJ), charging that Israel was committing genocide[81] and requesting that the ICJ render provisional measures of protection. Other accusations include the deliberate targeting of civilians and starving the population of Gaza by Israel, and the use of human shields and holding of Israeli hostages by Hamas.
Background
After Palestinian militant groups led by Hamas launched an attack on Israel on 7 October 2023 which saw a minimum of 1,139 largely non-combatant individuals killed, Israel declared war against Hamas.[82] Israel moved to mobilize 300,000 reservists and began to move armor close to the border with the Gaza Strip in the aftermath.[83][84] Included in the amassing of armor were Namer armored personnel carriers and Merkava tanks.[84]
Before the raids, Israel had told the UN that the more than a million people living in the north half of the Gaza Strip should evacuate within a 24-hour window.[85] In response, Hamas instructed those residents to stay put.[86][87] The Israel Defense Forces (IDF) had urged around 1.1 million civilians to leave North Gaza so they would not be hurt or caught in crossfire,[88] and Israeli officials said that the window was left at 24-hours to reduce the time for Hamas to conduct military preparation in the area. However, aid groups stated that the time window was too short to evacuate the one million people, and lack of electricity in Gaza hampered the ability of electronic communications regarding the evacuation to reach Gazans.[87] Israel had dropped leaflets in Gaza City containing the evacuation order, in addition to electronic communications.[89]
On 21 October 2023, the Israeli army dropped more leaflets in Gaza with the message: "Urgent warning! To the residents of Gaza: your presence to the North of Wadi Gaza is putting your lives at risk. Anyone who chooses not to evacuate from the North of the Gaza Strip to the South of the Gaza Strip may be identified as a partner in a terrorist organization."[90][91]
Raids inside Gaza
On 13 October 2023, the IDF sent armored vehicles and infantry into the Gaza Strip, stating that their goals were to attack Hamas fighters[92] and to rescue hostages that had been abducted to Gaza by Hamas.[92][93] The operation, according to Israeli officials, was not part of a larger and widely anticipated ground invasion, but rather a raid in which troops only temporarily enter the Gaza Strip.[94][95] The IDF confirmed the same day that Israeli remains were located and retrieved in the Gaza Strip.[96]
Another raid, headed by the Givati Brigade and the 162nd Armoured Division, took place between 25 and 26 October and was the largest offensive so far,[97] including tanks, other vehicles and IDF Caterpillar D9 armored bulldozers.[98] A follow-up raid took place the next night in the Shuja'iyya neighborhood of Gaza City.[99]
Invasion
October 2023
27 October
Internet and mobile phone services in Gaza were nearly cut off.[100][101] On the evening of 27 October, the IDF launched a large-scale ground assault on the towns of Beit Hanoun and Bureij in the Gaza Strip.[102] Shayetet 13, a commando unit of the Israeli Navy, carried out a strike on Hamas naval forces overnight.[20] An Israeli Skylark II drone was shot down on the Gaza Strip.[103]
28 October
Israel said that the units deployed inside the Gaza Strip the previous night were still on the ground, which marked the beginning of the Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip.[104] The IDF announced it was "expanding ground operations" in the Gaza Strip.[105] The Israeli military reissued a call to Gaza residents to evacuate the north as Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu said that the "second phase of the war has begun".[106]
![](http://up.wiki.x.io/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/SoI-War_23-10-31_IDF_05-03.jpg/220px-SoI-War_23-10-31_IDF_05-03.jpg)
![](http://up.wiki.x.io/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/SoI-War_23-11-01_IDF_13-08.jpg/220px-SoI-War_23-11-01_IDF_13-08.jpg)
The IDF advanced on three fronts: from the northeast near Beit Hanoun,[107] from the northwest near Beit Lahia, and from the east near Juhor ad-Dik.[108]
29 October
Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, the head of the World Health Organization (WHO), described as "deeply concerning" reports from the Palestine Red Crescent Society with smoke and dust, prompting staff to give breathing masks to some patients.[109] Around 14,000 civilians were believed to be sheltering in or near the hospital.[109] The al-Quds hospital had received an urgent evacuation warning along with a notice that it was "going to be bombarded". He reiterated that it was "impossible to evacuate hospitals full of patients without endangering their lives".[110] Israeli airstrikes targeted the area around the hospital, filling parts of the building. Associated Press reported that Israeli airstrikes also destroyed roads leading to the Al-Shifa hospital, making it increasingly difficult to reach.[111] Later in the day, Hamas said that Palestinian militants clashed with Israeli tanks in Salah al-Din Street in Gaza and forced the IDF to retreat.[112] The Institute for the Study of War also said that Israel withdrew from the road.[113]
30 October
![](http://up.wiki.x.io/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/IDF_D9R_bulldozer_-_Swords_of_Iron_-_2023-10-31.jpg/220px-IDF_D9R_bulldozer_-_Swords_of_Iron_-_2023-10-31.jpg)
The IDF blocked the Salah al-Din Road, a major thoroughfare connecting the northern and southern parts of the Gaza Strip. Israeli tanks were also seen in the Zeitoun neighborhood of Gaza City.[114][115] A local resident told AFP that the Israelis "have cut the Salah al-Din road and are firing at any vehicle that tries to go along it."[116] Witnesses reported, and a video showed, an Israeli tank firing on a taxi with a white flag on its roof that had attempted to turn around. An Israeli military spokesman said "The IDF was not shown any proof that this is a civilian car and there's no information on who is inside."[117] A kidnapped IDF private was freed the same day in an operation headed by the IDF, with assistance from Shin Bet and Mossad.[118] In northwest Gaza, the Al-Qassam Brigades and the DFLP's National Resistance Brigades engaged Israeli forces, and the National Resistance Brigades bombarded Israeli vehicles with heavy mortar shells.[26]
November 2023
1 November
IDF reported the deaths of 16 soldiers, 15 inside Gaza and one outside of Palestinian territory.[119]
On 2 November, IDF had completely surrounded Gaza City, which began the siege of Gaza City.[120][121] Al-Qassam Brigades showed footage of the destruction of an Israeli Merkava tank after its fighters used an Al-Yassin 105mm rocket-propelled grenade to neutralize its Trophy protection system.[122]
4 November
A UNRWA spokeswoman confirmed reports that Israel had conducted an airstrike against a United Nations-run school in the Jabalia refugee camp.[123] According to the Gaza Health Ministry, the attack killed 15 people and wounded dozens more.[123] According to UNRWA, at least one strike hit the schoolyard, where displaced families had set up their tents.[123] The Gaza Ministry of Health said another Israeli missile strike on the entrance to the Nasser Children's Hospital killed two women.[123] According to White House officials, efforts to evacuate foreign nationals through the Rafah border crossing were temporarily hindered by Hamas's refusal to allow anyone to leave, until a certain number of its own wounded were also allowed to leave.[124][125] Hamas said that within the last two days they had destroyed 24 Israeli vehicles, including a tank, an APC, and a bulldozer with anti-armour weapons.[126]
Turkey recalled its ambassador to Israel "in view of the unfolding humanitarian tragedy in Gaza caused by the continuing attacks by Israel against civilians, and Israel's refusal (to accept) a ceasefire." President Recep Tayyip Erdogan told reporters he held Netanyahu personally responsible for civilian deaths in Gaza and said that he was "no longer someone we can talk to".[127]
Abu Obaida, the spokesperson for the Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades, reported that due to Israeli air strikes, the bodies of 23 missing Israeli hostages were buried under the rubble.[128][129]
5 November
IDF reported that 29 soldiers had been killed, and one severely wounded, during the fighting in the Gaza Strip.[130]
6 November
Israeli missile attacks targeted the Nasser Medical Complex in Gaza City, hitting the Al-Nasser Children's Hospital, eight people were killed and dozens more were injured according to Al Jazeera.[131] Human Rights Watch called for a weapons embargo against both Israel and Hamas and other Palestinian militant groups, accusing them of committing war crimes against civilians.[132]
The Wall Street Journal reported that the U.S. Biden administration was planning to send $320 million worth of "Spice Family Gliding Bomb Assemblies", a type of precision guided weapon fired by warplanes, to Israel. Under the deal, weapons manufacturer Rafael USA would send the bombs to its Israeli parent Rafael Advanced Defense Systems for use by the Israeli defense ministry.[133]
10 November
Netanyahu said the IDF would control Gaza after the war and rejected proposals to establish an international force in the strip.[134]
11 November
Four IDF soldiers—a major, a sergeant major, and two master sergeants[135]—were killed and other four were wounded after a tunnel exploded in their vicinity near Beit Hanoun. All casualties were from the 697th battalion of the 551st Reserve Brigade Arrows of Fire.[136] Among the dead was Matan Meir, the executive producer of the Israeli television series Fauda.[137]
13 November
Israel Defense Forces @IDF Beneath the Rantisi Hospital in Gaza, IDF forces found a room where Israeli hostages are believed to have been held. The calendar found in the room marked the days since 7 October Massacre with the title "Operation Al-Aqsa Flood", Hamas's name for their horrific attack on Israel.
14 November 2023[138]
The IDF published a video which they said showed that Hamas had a facility under Al-Rantisi Hospital, and that Israeli hostages were likely hidden there.[139] The video showed, among others, a stash of weapons and explosives; what appears to be a motorbike with a bullet hole on its side; and water, ventilation and sewage infrastructure that the IDF said were improvised in preparation of coming hostages.[140]
According to The New York Times, the origins of the weapons shown in the video could not be independently verified.[141]
Charles Lister, Director of the Counterterrorism and Extremism Program at the Middle East Institute, said the IDF footage "clearly indicated" that the basement was a bomb shelter.[142] Mohammed Zarqout, a local official responsible for Gaza's hospitals, said the basement was a shelter for women and children.[143]
The IDF also presented a calendar that they said was found under the hospital marking the days since 7 October, with the title "Operation Al-Aqsa Flood".[144] Israel said the calendar was a list "where every terrorist writes his name",[145] but fluent Arabic speakers called this claim "propaganda", and that the words in Arabic only spelled out the days of the week.[146][147]
14 November
External videos | |
---|---|
Instagram videos by Ahmed Hijazi of the Al-Shifa Hospital strike shown in the Visual Investigations report published by The New York Times.[148] | |
![]() | |
![]() |
The New York Times published a report by its Visual Investigations team contradicting claims by the IDF that civilian deaths and damage at the al-Shifa Hospital had been caused by stray Palestinian projectiles.[148] The report concluded instead, "some of the munitions were likely fired by Israeli forces", based on video and satellite evidence and an examination of weapons fragments collected and verified by The Times and analyzed by experts.[148] Moreover, two of the most severe strikes analyzed by The Times hit upper floors of the maternity ward and did not appear to be aimed at underground infrastructure.[148] "Israel's assertion that Al-Shifa was actually hit by a Palestinian projectile echoed similar – and unresolved – claims and counterclaims following munitions that hit the courtyard of another Gaza hospital, Al-Ahli, nearly a month ago. The evidence reviewed by The Times from Al-Shifa points more directly to strikes by Israel – whether on purpose or by accident is unclear," the report said.[148] The IDF has said that it is targeting Al Shifa Hospital due to its use by Hamas, and that there is a command center underneath the facility, with U.S. officials stating that their intelligence confirms Israel's conclusions that Hamas is operating out of hospitals in Gaza.[149] A day earlier, the EU issued a joint declaration condemning Hamas for its use of hospitals and civilians as "human shields" in Gaza.[150] A number of countries and international organizations condemned what they called Hamas' use of hospitals and civilians as human shields.
IDF soldiers carried boxes into al-Shifa, labeled in English and Arabic as "medical supplies" and "baby food".[151] In an interview with Al Jazeera, an emergency room employee said that Israel "did not bring any aid or supplies",[152] while another contact within the hospital told the BBC that Israeli soldiers had supplied water to elderly patients.[153] Several hours later, the IDF said it had found weapons in al-Shifa, indicating the presence of a command center.[154] The IDF released a video that it said showed grenades, automatic weapons and flak jackets recovered from the hospital.[155] John Kirby, a U.S. government official, said that the U.S. remained confident in its previous assessment that a Hamas military compound exists under the hospital.[155]
In response, Mouin Rabbani, a Middle East analyst, said, "Israeli forces have invaded Shifa Hospital and been inside it for 12 full hours – having refused any independent party to accompany them – and now we're supposed to believe that there were Hamas militants in there being pursued by the Israeli military but they somehow left their weapons behind?"[156] Political analyst Marwan Bishara said: "It's kind of baffling. Why would Hamas leave the guns and not anything else?"[157] Jeremy Scahill said, "I've seen more guns in the homes of ordinary Americans than in this purported Hamas Pentagon under al-Shifa Hospital."[158]
The next day Israeli forces demolished the Hamas parliament building in Gaza City.[159]
16 November
![](http://up.wiki.x.io/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/IDF_D9R_bulldozer_-_Swords_of_Iron_-_2023-11-16.jpg/220px-IDF_D9R_bulldozer_-_Swords_of_Iron_-_2023-11-16.jpg)
Netanyahu had said in an interview with CBS that the Israeli government had "strong indications" that hostages were in al-Shifa, which was one of the reasons they entered the hospital.[160] It was reported that the body of Yehudit Weiss, a 65-year-old woman who was kidnapped from Be'eri kibbutz, was found in a building near the hospital.[161][162]
Residents in parts of southern Gaza reportedly received evacuation notices, sparking concerns over an expansion of the invasion.[163] A fuel shortage was widely reported to have caused a shutdown of all internet and phone networks in the Gaza Strip, according to its two primary telecom providers Jawwal and Paltel.[163][164][165]
17 November
Internet and telecom services were restored after Israel reportedly agreed to allow the delivery of 140,000 liters of fuel into the Gaza Strip every two days following a request by the U.S. to do so,[166] consisting of 20,000 liters to be delivered to Jawwal and Paltel to maintain telecom and internet service and 120,000 liters for water desalination, sewage pumping, food production and hospitals.[167] It was reported that the body of Noa Marciano, a 19-year-old soldier who was taken captive on 7 October, was found in a building near al-Shifa hospital.[168]
18 November
![](http://up.wiki.x.io/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/IDF_D9R_bulldozer_-_Swords_of_Iron_-_2023-11-02.jpg/220px-IDF_D9R_bulldozer_-_Swords_of_Iron_-_2023-11-02.jpg)
Israeli strikes killed more than 80 people in Jabalia refugee camp.[169]
A World Health Organization team visited the al-Shifa hospital amid reports that the Israeli army commander sent patients away with an Agence France-Presse journalist reportedly witnessing the departure of patients and displaced persons from the hospital.[170]
Jordan's foreign minister Ayman Safadi said that Arab troops would not go into Gaza to assume control after the war.[171]
19 November
The IDF released footage of an underground tunnel under al-Shifa.[172] The tunnel, which is 160 meters long and 10 meters deep, passes directly under the Qatari building of the hospital; it has air-conditioned rooms, bathrooms, a kitchenette, electricity connections and communication infrastructure, and is protected by a blast door.[173] The IDF also released CCTV footage that appears to show two of the hostages being led in the hospital's corridors, as well as Hamas and stolen IDF vehicles in its courtyard.[174] During the 1980s, Israel expanded the hospital with functional basements for maintenance and administration purposes;[175][176] and a network of tunnels was part of this construction.[177][175][178] According to Israel, Hamas eventually appropriated the complex, then expanded it with its own system of tunnels and bunkers.[179] Multiple sources concluded that evidence did not demonstrate the use of the tunnels by Hamas as a command center.[180][181][182][183][184][185][186]
A group of 31 premature babies were evacuated from al-Shifa hospital to southern Gaza.[187]
The White House denied reporting from The Washington Post that a Qatari brokered five-day ceasefire deal had been reached. The deal would have included a five-day ceasefire in exchange for the stepwise release of female and child hostages in small groups.[188][189] The U.S. National Security Council Spokesperson wrote on X (formerly Twitter): "We have not reached a deal yet, but we continue to work hard to get to a deal".[190]
20 November
IDF tanks completely surrounded the Indonesia Hospital in Gaza after heavy fire using artillery weapons against it, around 12 Palestinians were killed in clashes around the hospital according to the Gaza Health Ministry. Around 700 people, including the injured and medical staff, were inside the facility when the IDF surrounded it.[191] The head of the World Health Organization, Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, responded on X (formerly known as Twitter) saying he was "appalled" by the Israeli forces and their actions against the Indonesia Hospital by keeping the injured and medical staff inside the building while besieging it.[192]
On 20 November the IDF released video footage of what appears to be a weapons manufacturing facility hidden behind a false wall inside the basement of a mosque in Zeitoun, Gaza.[193] IDF soldiers also discovered weapons, explosive devices, a drone, and a vertical tunnel shaft inside the building.[193]
21 November
The IDF moved its frontline to encircle the Jabaliya refugee camp where they are battling Palestinian militants and attempting to control with IDF forces getting more equipment for the attack.[194][195]
22 November
Israel and Hamas reached a temporary ceasefire agreement, providing for a four-day "pause"[196] or "lull"[60][197] in hostilities, to allow for the release of 50 hostages held in Gaza.[196][60] The deal also provided for the release of approximately 150 Palestinian women and children incarcerated by Israel.[60] The agreement was approved by the Israeli cabinet in the early hours of the day; in a statement, the Israeli Prime Minister's Office stated Israel's intention to continue the war.[196][60]
According to Hamas, in addition to the truce and prisoner exchange, the deal also involved Israel halting all air sorties over southern Gaza and maintaining a daily six-hour daytime no-fly window over northern Gaza, in addition to the entry of hundreds of trucks of humanitarian, medical and fuel supplies into the Gaza Strip.[198] The Israeli government said that the truce would be extended by one day for every additional 10 hostages released by Hamas.[199] The deal was brokered by Egypt and Qatar, and Egyptian state media announced the truce will enter into effect on the morning of 23 November.[200] Qatari Foreign Affairs minister Mohamed Bin Mubarak Al-Khulaifi, whom Reuters referred to as "Qatar's chief negotiator in ceasefire talks," stated his hope that the truce "will be a seed to a bigger agreement and a permanent cease of fire...That's our intention."[201]
The IDF released video footage from Sheikh Zayed, an area which is home to many senior members of Hamas. The footage showed what the IDF claimed to be a rocket launcher situated near a school, and an armament-laden truck used in the 7 October attack parked in the courtyard of a mosque.[202]
Temporary ceasefire
November 2023
23 November
The IDF released footage showing a weapons cache hidden under a child's bed, which it said belonged to the child of a senior Hamas official.[203][204]
24 November
Hamas released 13 Israeli hostages, 10 Thai nationals, and one Filipino captive.[205] Israel released 39 Palestinian prisoners.[206] The IDF also revised the number of hostages held in Gaza to 236.[207]
25 November
Hamas released 13 Israeli and four foreign hostages after a seven-hour delay from their agreed time.[208] Hamas was accused of violating the deal after not having released a mother with her child.[209]
26 November
Hamas released 17 hostages, including 14 Israelis and three Thai nationals.[210] Israel also released 39 teenage Palestinian prisoners.[211]
27 November
Qatar announced that an agreement between Israel and Hamas to extend the truce by two days had been reached.[212]
28 November
Both Israel and Hamas accused each other of violating the truce. The IDF reported that several soldiers sustained minor injuries following an attack by Hamas in the northern Gaza Strip by three explosive devices that it said were detonated near its forces at two different locations, while Hamas said it had engaged Israel in a "field clash" that it said was instigated by Israel.[213] Turkish media and Muhammad al-Hindi, Deputy Secretary-General of the PIJ, confirmed that Al-Quds Brigade soldiers held and released civilian women and children to the Red Cross.[214]
29 November
Hamas released 12 hostages, 10 of them Israeli and two of them Thai nationals. Afterwards, Israel released 30 Palestinian prisoners.[215] Hamas continued to deny the International Committee of the Red Cross access to the remaining hostages.[216][217]
30 November
Hamas released two more hostages as the truce, which was supposed to end minutes later, was extended by another day.[218] An Israeli Skylark II drone was reported shot down on central Gaza. The remains were recorded by Palestinian media.[219][220]
Resumption of hostilities
December 2023
1 December
Upon the expiry of the truce, the Israeli army was subject to several ambushes and attacks by Palestinian militants.
The IDF engaged in battles against militants in Zeitoun. Soldiers at the Netzarim Junction on the Salah al-Din Road south of Zeitoun neighbourhood were subjected to mortar shelling by Saraya al Quds. Palestinian militants ambushed Israeli forces in the Tel al-Hawa neighborhood west of Zeitoun.
The IDF said on 18 November that it was expanding offensive operations toward Jabalia city in the northern Gaza Strip.[221]
2 December
Palestinian militants led by Saraya al Quds resisted the Israeli penetration into the northwestern front towards Jabalia, engaging soldiers in urban warfare throughout the Sheikh Radwan neighbourhoods. Al Qassam launched 3 loitering munitions to target Israeli forces throughout northern Gaza. They also targeted Israeli soldiers in Beit Hanoun, firing at groups, normally holed up in buildings with rockets. An IDF Caterpillar D9 armoured bulldozer was also targeted by Palestinian rockets at Juhor ad-Dik. PFLP militants targeted the Gaza envelope with rockets and mortar shelling.[222]
3 December
Israeli forces in Northern Gaza were subject to heavy attacks, led by Al-Qassam Brigades. In Sheikh Radwan, Israeli soldiers were trapped in a booby-trapped tunnel then shelled by Palestinian mortar fire. Three vehicles were targeted by Saraya al Quds with small arms and tandem-charged RPGs.[223]
The next day, Israeli forces demolished the Palace of Justice in south Gaza City, a significant structure that housed the Palestinian Supreme Court, the Court of Appeal, the Court of First Instance, and the Magistrate.[224]
8 December
Khan Yunis and Central Gaza axis
Israeli forces begun to enter Khan Yunis, reporting the most violent fighting in the entire war[225] with the Israeli 7th Brigade engaged in a multi-hour complex attack on Palestinian militias.
Al-Qassam brigades displayed a shift to more sophisticated battle tactics, including rigging houses to detonate when entered by Israeli soldiers. Primary relying on rockets, damage was inflicted on Israeli vehicles while Saraya al Quds, DFLP, and PFLP shelled advancing forces with mortar fire. The IDF conducted land and sea raids on central Gaza, specifically Deir al-Balah to destroy militant command posts.
Siege of Gaza City
Israeli sources reported stiff resistance by Palestinian militants in Shujaiyya, in southern Gaza city, as the 188th Brigade was sent to fight in the neighbourhood.
Qassem Brigades targeted vehicles with RPGs Sheikh Radwan and Zaytoun, while Saraya al Quds militants claimed two tandem-charged RPG and grenade attacks on Israeli forces on advancing axes in the Shujaiya and Zaytoun neighborhoods. Attempts to close in on Jabalia have resulted in significant Israeli casualties, with the IDF acknowledging Gadi Eizenkot's son been eliminated fighting in the northern Gaza Strip on 7 December. The Qassam Brigades claimed that its militants killed the soldier when they detonated an IED on a tunnel door on the eastward line of advance into Jabalia.[226]
In a video publicised by Saraya Al Quds, three militants take positions within the ruins of an urban centre in Gaza, as a Merkava arrives, firing at the militants with its machine guns. They then shoot from three positions with multiple rockets, overriding the Trophy system and destroying the tank. A fighter can be seen rejoicing, exclaiming that the tank had "caught fire"[227]
10 December
The Times of Israel announced that 6 IDF soldiers were killed in fighting in the southern Gaza strip, after Hamas militants detonated an IED targeting the Israeli 5th Brigade's 8111st Battalion forces in Khan Younis. Israeli forces announced that they conducted airstrikes and helicopter strikes in response and eliminated several Hamas militants.[228]
12 December
Israel announced that a further 10 IDF soldiers had been killed in the fighting in the Gaza Strip, including a Colonel and 7 other soldiers of the Golani Brigade, that were killed in the Shuja'iyya area of Gaza after Hamas militants ambushed them.[229]
15 December
The IDF released a statement announcing that they had killed three of their own hostages by friendly fire. According to the Israeli military, they "mistakenly identified three Israeli hostages as a threat" during operations in Shuja'iyya and subsequently fired at them, killing them.[230][231][232] According to an Israeli military official on 16 December, the three hostages were shirtless and were carrying "a stick with a white cloth on it" when an Israeli soldier, who declared them to be "terrorists" after feeling "threatened", opened fire, killing two hostages and injuring the third, who was killed by Israeli reinforcements.[233]
18 December
Israel announced the deaths of 7 IDF soldiers, mostly killed in the fighting in the southern Gaza strip. Bringing the Israeli death toll to 53 since 1 December. The IDF said it was facing tough opposition in Gaza.[234][235]
20 December
Qassam militants confronted Israeli vehicles in the Khan Yunis axis, targeting a Namer APC and an IDF Caterpillar D9. In a video publication, Qassam militants are shown firing a rocket at a Merkava, destroying the Windbreaker and proving that Yassin 105 rockets are able to bypass or override interception and damage tanks.[236]
24 December
Israel announced that 15 IDF soldiers had been killed in heavy fighting in Gaza in the 23–24 December period, including six killed when a Namer APC was hit by an anti-tank missile. The IDF also claimed to have killed Hamas' chief of supplies.[237][238]
Israel also withdrew from Beit Hanoun amidst heavy fighting with various Palestinian armed groups. Returning civilians to the ruins of the town reported that no vehicles were in sight. Israeli forces continue to shell the city.[239][240]
30 December
Militants engaged Israeli vehicles in the Khan Yunis axis of the invasion. In an episode a tank is targeted by a rocket, tearing off a plate which lands near the militant demonstrating the capabilities of the Yassin 105 rockets against the Merkava's APS. Another fighter erupts from a tunnel, ambushing a tank in an unusual strategy recorded during the invasion where the militants sneak up to the vehicle and place and IED on them from zero distance. A Caterpillar Caterpillar D9 bulldozer is also targeted, setting it on fire.[241]
January 2024
6 January
The IDF claimed that it had completed the dismantlement of Hamas's "military framework" in the northern Gaza Strip as it moved to attack Hamas forces in Central Gaza.[242] The Institute for the Study of War warned that does not mean that Hamas forces are entirely eradicated and could reconstitute themselves.[243]
11 January
The IDF claimed that it had discovered over a thousand tunnel shafts in Gaza City alone with the majority being small sized and thus easily destroyed but larger tunnels needing complex engineering and demolition operations. Israeli security officials conceded that they had an underestimated the scale of Gaza's tunnels and that they have destroyed less than half of them so far. IDF described the change in Hamas tactics in Northern Gaza after the dismantling of its command structure as going into "guerrilla mode".[244]
16 January
The ISW reported that the Palestinian militias were likely re-entering areas of the northern Gaza Strip where Israeli forces previously operated.[245]
17 January
Under U.S. pressure Israel continued withdrawing thousands of troops from Gaza despite concerns from Israeli officials of a possible surge in militant activity. According to IDF sources, Palestinian militants began launching rocket attacks from areas where IDF forces withdrew.[246]
18 January
By 18 January, the IDF said that Hamas had begun to rebuild its armies in the occupied parts of Northern Gaza. The IDF had previously said these armies were stripped of military capabilities but by 18 January the fighting strength of many battalions had been significantly restored.[247]
19 January
![](http://up.wiki.x.io/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Iron_Swords-Egoz_unit-005.jpg/220px-Iron_Swords-Egoz_unit-005.jpg)
Israeli shelling in Khan Younis killed ten people in the Abasan neighborhood.[248]
22 January
Since Israel announced its strategic shift under pressure of the U.S. and allies to reduce the intensity of fighting the number of deaths reported by the Gaza Health Ministry had also declined with the weekly average of daily deaths including both militants and civilians falling to 151. However it could not be established if the percentage of civilian deaths had also reduced.[249] IDF soldiers filmed themselves destroying entire residential neighborhoods in Khan Younis.[250]
Israel reported that at least 24 Israeli soldiers were killed in Gaza. 21 of which were killed while rigging a building for demolition, when a rocket-propelled grenade hit the building they were in and caused a large chain explosion.[251] This brought the IDF death toll in Gaza to 219. This makes it the deadliest day for the IDF since the ground invasion began.[252]
Attack on Rafah
February 2024
3 February
Israel announced that it would begin moving into Rafah, after declaring "victory" in Khan Younis.[253] On 3 February, Israeli attacks targeted eastern and central Rafah, reportedly killing at least twenty-eight people.[254] UN Human Rights High Commissioner Volker Turk said, "This sets off alarm bells for massive civilian casualties and further displacement to unknown location".[255] German Foreign Minister Annalena Baerbock said, "Taking action now in Rafah, the last and most overcrowded place, as announced by the Israeli defence minister, would simply not be justifiable".[256]
4 February
On 4 February, the Palestinian Health Ministry reported that 92 people had been killed by Israeli attacks on Rafah.[257] At least two girls were killed on an attack at a kindergarten.[258] The intensifying Israeli attacks were reportedly centered in eastern Rafah.[259]
7 February
Axios reported that Israeli Defence Minister Yoav Gallant told the U.S. secretary of state that Israel would soon begin expanded ground operations in Rafah.[260] In Rafah, an Israeli airstrike bombed a civilian car next to an entertainment event for displaced children, reportedly killing at least one person.[261] Eleven people were killed in overnight airstrikes.[262] Six Palestinian policemen were reportedly killed while clearing the road for an aid truck.[263][264]
8 February
The U.S. National Security Council spokesman John Kirby said, "Any major military operation in Rafah at this time... would be a disaster, and we would not support it".[265] The U.S. requested Israel to create a plan and prioritise the safety of civilians which had increased due to refugees from other areas of Gaza. Kirby said that the U.S. had not observed signs of an imminent Israeli offensive into Gaza.[266]
Netanyahu ordered the IDF to prepare to invade Rafah.[267][268] An intense bombing campaign in west Rafah was reported, reportedly indicating an expanding ground invasion.[269] At least twelve people were killed in airstrikes in southern Rafah.[270]
9 February
Netanyahu ordered the IDF to plan for the "evacuation of the population" from Rafah. Israeli Prime Minister's Office claimed that elimination of Hamas remains impossible without the destruction of the four Hamas battalions in Rafah which is the last major population center in Gaza not occupied by the IDF.[271] Doctors Without Borders issued a strong warning in response, stating, "Israel's declared ground offensive on Rafah would be catastrophic and must not proceed. Today's announcement marks a dramatic escalation in this ongoing massacre."[272] EU foreign policy chief Josep Borrell said, "Reports of an Israeli military offensive on Rafah are alarming. It would have catastrophic consequences worsening the already dire humanitarian situation and the unbearable civilian toll."[273] Egypt sent 40 tanks to the Rafah border.[274] Eight people were killed and at least eighteen wounded in Israeli strikes on residential buildings in Rafah.[275]
10 February
Hanke Bruins Slot, the Foreign Minister of the Netherlands, said that Israel's planned assault on Rafah was "unjustifiable".[276] Canadian Foreign Minister Melanie Joly said Canada was "deeply concerned" about an Israeli invasion of Rafah.[277] Haaretz and Channel 12 said Israel's plans for the Rafah invasion were not yet finalized.[278] Two Palestinians were killed after an Israeli strike on a police car in Rafah.[279] An unnamed Israeli official said Palestinians in Rafah would be evacuated back northward.[280] At least 28 people were killed in Rafah by overnight Israeli attacks.[281]
11 February
In a call with Benjamin Netanyahu, Biden said Israel could invade Rafah with U.S. support when they had a "credible and executable plan" in place.[282] Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, the head of the World Health Organization, said reports of Israel's impending invasion were "extremely worrying".[283] The Egyptian Ministry of Foreign Affairs said there would be "dire consequences" if Israel invaded Rafah.[284] Satellite imagery indicated Egypt had strengthened the border, including building earthen berms and security checkpoints.[285] The Omani Foreign Ministry said, "We warn of the serious repercussions of the continuation of the occupation in its indiscriminate aggression in the Gaza Strip and its plans to storm Rafah."[286] At least 40 people were reported killed in east Rafah.[287] Al Jazeera journalist Hani Mahmoud described Israel's attacks on Rafah police as an intentional attempt to create civil disorder.[288] Micheál Martin, the Irish foreign minister, said an Israeli invasion of Rafah would entail "grave violations of international humanitarian law".[289] The Gulf Cooperation Council said an invasion of Rafah would be a "blatant violation of international law".[290]
12 February
Israeli airstrikes hit the area around the Kuwait Hospital.[291] During a press brief with U.S. president Joe Biden, King Abdullah II said the world "cannot afford an Israeli attack on Rafah".[292] Stéphane Dujarric criticized Israel's stated plan to evacuate people northward, saying, "You can't send people back to areas that are littered with unexploded ordnance, not to mention a lack of shelter".[293] ICC prosecutor Karim Khan said he was "deeply concerned" by Israel's bombardment of Rafah.[294][295] French Foreign Minister Stéphane Séjourné said an Israeli assault on Rafah would be unjustified.[296] At least 67 Palestinians were killed in Rafah during an Israeli operation to rescue two Israeli captives.[297]
29 February
More than 100 Palestinians were killed and 750 were wounded after Israeli forces opened fire on Palestinians southwest of Gaza City. According to the IDF, the incident began when "dozens of Gazans" were injured in a human stampede triggered by the entry of humanitarian trucks. Afterwards, the IDF opened fire on members of the crowd who approached them in a "threatening manner". The IDF released aerial footage which appeared to show hundreds of people streaming toward a convoy of aid trucks.[298][299]
March 2024
13 March
Palestinian sources reported that the IDF withdrew from Hamad Town in Khan Younis.[300]
14 March
Media reported that Hamas executed the Doghmush clan leader for allegedly stealing food and being in contact with Israel.[301] This was later denied by the family.[302]
Mid-March
A deputy military commander of Hamas Marwan Issa was reportedly killed in an airstrike in mid-March.[303]
18 March
Israeli forces raided al-Shifa hospital again between 18 March and 1 April. The IDF clashed with Hamas soldiers in the area.[304] Israeli forces killed Faiq al-Mabhouh, who they said was the head of the operations directorate of Hamas' internal security service. Hamas said al-Mabhouh was in charge of the Palestinian Civil Police Force and had been engaged in "purely civil and humanitarian activity,"[305] coordinating aid deliveries to northern Gaza.[306][307] Multiple news agencies reported that the IDF assaulted and detained Al Jazzera correspondent Ismail al-Ghoul and more than 80 other people, including medical staff and other journalists, and confiscated and destroyed media equipment.[308][309] Al-Ghoul was released the following day, but could not verify the whereabouts of his colleagues.[310][311] The Committee to Protect Journalists said it was "deeply alarmed and outraged by reports of the assault on Al-Jazeera reporter Ismail Al-Ghoul from Al-Shifa hospital and other journalists while doing their jobs reporting on the Israeli offensive on the hospital".[311]
According to the IDF a number of senior Hamas leader were killed during the fighting at the hospital, including Mahmoud Khalil Zakzuk, the deputy commander of Hamas's rocket unit in Gaza City and Raad Thabet, the head of recruitment and supply acquisition.[312] The IDF said it killed 200 people inside and around al-Shifa hospital. Time Magazine said it provided "no evidence that all were militants."[313] Photos of the hospital after the withdrawal of the Israeli forces showed its "walls blown out and frame blackened" by fire.[314] Hundreds of bodies were found on the hospital grounds, and Palestinian witnesses reported massacres in and around the site.[315]
23 March
On 23 March, at least 19 Palestinians were killed by the IDF while waiting for humanitarian aid at the Kuwait roundabout in Gaza City.[316]
April 2024
1 April
Seven aid workers from World Central Kitchen, including British, Polish, Australian, and Irish nationals, were killed in an Israeli airstrike south of Deir el-Balah.[317][318][319]
6 April
Four Israeli soldiers were killed in an ambush from tunnels in Khan Younis.[320]
7 April
Early in the morning of 7 April, the IDF withdrew all of its maneuvering ground forces from the Gaza Strip; notably, the 98th Division was pulled out of Khan Yunis, ending the Israeli presence in southern Gaza. The Nahal Brigade became the only Israeli military unit remaining in the Gaza Strip, with the task of holding the "Netzarim Corridor", a strip of land from Be'eri to the Mediterranean coast.[321]
IDF Chief of Staff Herzi Halevi said the withdrawal of troops was meant to prepare for a planned assault on Rafah,[322] which remained infeasible in the absence of a large call-up of IDF reserve forces, according to The Times of Israel.[321]
21 April
Twenty-two people are killed, including 18 children, in overnight Israeli strikes in Rafah.[323]
May 2024
5 May
A Hamas rocket attack from Rafah onto Kerem Shalom killed four Israeli soldiers of the Nahal Brigade and wounded ten others, raising the IDF death toll to 271.[324] Israel closed the Kerem Shalom border crossing in response.[325]
13 May
A Hamas mortar attack on Rafah killed a civilian contractor working for the Israeli Ministry of Defense and wounded another. Eight IDF soldiers were wounded as well.[326]
15 May
Five IDF soldiers from 202nd Battalion Paratrooper Brigade were killed by friendly fire in Jabaliya. Another seven were wounded. An IDF tank fired into a building housing them. A probe was carried out.[327]
28 May
The IDF captures the main roundabout of Rafah and stations tanks on Zoroub Hill, giving it a commanding view of the Philadelphi Corridor by the Gaza-Egyptian border.[328][329]
June 2024
8 June
Israeli forces assaulted a Hamas compound, freeing four hostages captured during the 7 October 2023 attack. Yamam Chief Inspector Arnon Zamora, leader of the rescue special forces, died from wounds suffered in the operation.[330]
15 June
Eight Israeli soldiers were killed in Rafah after their Namer APC was destroyed by an IED or an anti-tank missile. Another Israeli soldier died that day by wounds sustained before.[324]
July 2024
On 9 July, Israel attacked parts of Northern Gaza. On 12 July, Israel was forced to retreat from areas of Gaza City it had occupied, though some snipers continued to control high ground.[331]
Infiltrations into Israel
On 6 June 2024, Qassam Brigades militants infiltrated Israel near Kerem Shalom from southern Gaza under the cover of a foggy morning. Three Hamas gunmen were killed, with a fourth seemingly escaping back into Gaza. On the Israeli side, Zaid Mazarib, an Israeli Bedouin soldier, was killed in the confrontation.[332][333][334]
Casualties
Military casualties
Israeli
The Israeli Army suffered heavy casualties during the current invasion. By 2 June 2024, 314 soldiers have been killed[324] and more than 1,940 were injured, per Israel. Among the deaths 29 were due to friendly fire incidents and accidents.[335] On November 2023 during a single episode the destruction of an armoured personnel carrier with anti-tank missiles killed 9 soldiers.[336] In another episode 10 IDF soldiers were killed in an ambush on 12 December at Shuja'iyya.[229] The bloodiest day so far was on 22 January when 24 IDF soldiers were killed after a attack on a tank rigged with explosives.[337] The current casualties surpass those of previous IDF invasions of the Gaza Strip, like Operation Protective Edge and Operation Cast Lead, which killed 67 and 6 people, respectively.[338]
At least five Israeli soldiers were killed in battle in Israel territory following the Gaza invasion. Four in a rocket attack on 5 May 2024 and one during an infiltration into south Israel by Hamas militants on 6 June, 2024.[339][340]
Palestinian
On 13 January 2024, Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Monitor estimated that since the beginning of the war on 7 October, over 2,500 Palestinians killed were combatants, of whom 1,542 died during the Israeli invasion.[39][40]
On 21 January 2024, U.S. officials said to The Wall Street Journal, that the IDF eliminated 20 to 30% of Hamas militants in the Gaza Strip. But that was short for their aim of eliminating the group.[341] According to IDF claims 9,000 Hamas militants were killed, another 8,000 are wounded with no capability to return to battle and another 2,300 have been arrested removing 48-60% of Hamas's forces from the battlefield. However it also noted the rate of Hamas deaths was also falling as Hamas reduced head on assaults against the IDF and became more reliant on underground tunnels.[342]
In advance of ground operations on 7 October, Israel assassinated Hamas commanders throughout Gaza, including Ali Al Qadi and Ayman Nofal.
During the invasion of the Gaza strip, Palestinians fighting against the Israeli occupation damaged or destroyed a large number of Israeli tanks, causing a shortage of both tanks and ammunition for the IDF.[343]
Additionally, the Qassam brigades captured an Israeli soldier stationed at Juhor ad-Dik, but he was likely killed during the operation.[344]
On 4 August 2024, Yedioth Ahronoth reported that at least 10,000 Israeli soldiers had been killed or wounded while fighting in Gaza and that about 1,000 new soldiers were physically and mentally wounded every month.[38]
Civilian casualties
![](http://up.wiki.x.io/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Damage_in_Gaza_Strip_during_the_October_2023_-_13.jpg/270px-Damage_in_Gaza_Strip_during_the_October_2023_-_13.jpg)
The Gaza Strip has faced massive civilian casualties during the invasion, with at least 31,000 Palestinians reportedly killed since 27 October according to the Gaza Health Ministry.[345] With almost half of the people in Gaza being under 14 years old, a very large number of children have been killed leading Gaza to be declared "the most dangerous place to be a child"[346]
Most civilian deaths during the invasion were caused by airstrikes with many killed during the strikes on Jabalia, Fakhoora school, Maghazi. Civilians have also been killed by Israeli soldier fire or shelling by tanks, in both reported and verified incidents.[347][348][349] Though the Gaza Health Ministry does not distinguish between combatants and civilians, civilian death rates have been estimated by outside sources. A study from the Open University of Israel found that at least 61% of the Palestinians killed were civilians, and noted that the civilian to combatant death ratio was higher than the average from all wars in the second half of the 20th century.[350] Despite international skepticism, Israeli sources including IDF officials have deemed the Gaza health ministry's death toll accurate.[351]
A Doctors Without Borders video shared by Amnesty International head Agnès Callamard said, "This brutal annihilation of an entire populations health system stretches beyond what humanitarian aid can fix."[352] On 4 December, Red Cross president Mirjana Spoljaric Egger visited the Gaza Strip, stating, "The things I saw there are beyond anything that anyone should be in a position to describe."[353] On 10 December, Bushra Khalidi, an expert with Oxfam, said the situation was no longer "just a catastrophe, it's apocalyptic."[354]
The reported number of casualties from the Gaza Health Ministry have been deemed reliable by Israeli Intelligence,[355] and has been supported by independent investigation of the reporting.[356]
Effects on children
UNICEF spokesperson Toby Fricker said, "There is no safe place for children anywhere across the strip right now."[357] UNICEF: Children were disproportionately impacted by Israel's attack on Gaza.[358] On 13 November, UNICEF said more than 700,000 children in Gaza were displaced.[359] The Palestine Red Crescent Society said displaced children were suffering, due to power outages, lack of basic essentials, and "scenes of pain and fear."[360] The executive director of UNICEF, toured Gaza on 15 November, stating many children were buried under rubble and lacking medical care.[361] The head of pediatrics at Nasser Medical Complex in Khan Younis, said that due to lack of clean water, he was witnessing the "most serious epidemic of gastroenteritis" among children he had ever seen.[362]
Strategy
Israeli strategy
![](http://up.wiki.x.io/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%97%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%A6%D7%94%D7%9C_%D7%9E%D7%AA%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%94_%D7%9C%D7%A2%D7%96%D7%94_%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%99%D7%95%D7%90%D7%91_%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%9F.jpg/220px-%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%97%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%A6%D7%94%D7%9C_%D7%9E%D7%AA%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%94_%D7%9C%D7%A2%D7%96%D7%94_%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%99%D7%95%D7%90%D7%91_%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%9F.jpg)
On 29 October, Israeli defense minister Yoav Gallant said he expected the "second stage of the war" to last "months". Subsequent phases are expected to be the removal of small pockets of resistance, and, finally, withdrawal from Gaza.[363]
Even after Israeli troops entered the Gaza Strip and began to maintain a persistent physical presence in the region beginning on 27 October, Israel's military had adopted a strategy of referring to the invasion as "operations" and "raids" rather than an "invasion". According to the Associated Press, this communications strategy was undertaken to preserve operational flexibility and to keep hostile forces guessing as to Israel's military plans.[364] The United States has urged Israel to avoid a full-scale invasion and to instead conduct "surgical" operations to avoid casualties and a regional escalation.[365] Israeli military sources said there were over 20,000 IDF troops in Gaza as of 31 October.[366]
Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu says Israel will have overall security responsibility over the Gaza Strip for an indefinite period following the war.[367] European Commission president Von der Leyen said there should be no long-term Israeli security presence in Gaza, and suggested a UN mandated peace force as a possibility;[368] while U.S. President Joe Biden said, "When this crisis is over, there has to be a vision of what comes next, and in our view it has to be a two-state solution."[369] On 11 November, Netanyahu widened the split with the U.S. over postwar governance, saying that he was against the Palestinian Authority having a role there.[370] On 12 November 2023, Israeli security cabinet member Avi Dichter described Israeli strategy in northern Gaza as "Nakba 2023".[371]
Hamas strategy
The military strategies employed by Hamas have historically encompassed a blend of conventional and insurgent tactics.[372] As a result of the war, the group has shifted "back into a guerrilla fighting force", employing the use of hit-and-run operations and operating in smaller cells of fighters, aiming to demonstrate that they are capable of continuing to fight a prolonged war.[373] Hamas's strategy also relies on the underground tunnel system, which can be used as shelter for Hamas militants and leaders, storing weapons, and detaining hostages.[374]
According to John Spencer of the Modern War Institute at West Point, after Israeli forces invaded Gaza, Hamas's main strategy has not been to hold the terrain or defeat the Israeli forces but rather to prolong the fighting and intentionally cause civilian Palestinian casualties until international pressure compels Israel to cease its operation.[374][375][376]
Unlike in previous wars in Gaza, in which no high-ranking officers were killed, in this war Hamas has successfully targeted and eliminated some, including senior commanders with ranks as high as Aluf.[377] High-ranking officers have been killed not in direct battle but either as a result of being lured into mass-casualty ambushes or by assassination, stealthily tracked down by Hamas militants and identified by recognising soldiers giving orders or commanding forces.[378][379]
Charges of war crimes
During the Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip, numerous viral videos showed Israeli soldiers committing war crimes. A series of videos in mid-December 2023 showed IDF troops burning food, vandalizing a shop, and ransacking private homes.[380] The Euro-Med Monitor recorded instances where soldiers deliberately stole civilians' assets, including laptops, gold, and large quantities of cash.[381] Euro-Med Monitor also reported on soldiers recorded harassing corpses, dragging them, urinating on them, and amputating them.[382] In a social media post, the Council on American–Islamic Relations condemned a video of an Israeli soldier stating, "Maybe I killed a girl, she was 12, but I'm looking for a baby."[383] On 2 January 2024, Palestinian diplomat Laith Arafeh condemned reports that Israeli soldiers kidnapped a baby from Gaza.[384] On 24 February, a video went viral of an IDF soldier setting a residential neighborhood on fire while saying, "A little BBQ is great fun".[385]
On 11 February, the Saudi Foreign Ministry stated Israel's planned invasion of Rafah was part of a "continued violation of international law and international humanitarian law".[386]
ICJ genocide case
During the invasion of the Gaza Strip, South Africa argued that Israel was guilty of committing a genocide in Gaza and instituted proceedings against Israel in the International Court of Justice (ICJ). South Africa's submission placed the charges in the broader context of Israel's conduct towards Palestinians, including claims of 75 years of apartheid, the Israeli occupation of the West Bank and the 16-year blockade of the Gaza Strip.[387][81] South Africa requested that the ICJ render provisional measures of protection.[388]
Destruction and plundering
By early 2024, Israeli forces had destroyed more than half of Gaza's houses,[389] at least a third of its tree cover and farmland, most of its schools, all 12 of its universities, hundreds of cultural landmarks, and dozens of cemeteries.
Cultural heritage
Israeli attacks in the Gaza Strip Over have destroyed or damaged 100 landmarks, according to a report by Heritage for Peace.[390] The Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict, which both Palestinians and Israelis agreed to, protects sites of cultural heritage.[391] According to the Israeli NGO Emek Shaveh, hundreds of ancient sites, historic monuments, museums and archives have been damaged or destroyed since the war started. Of the 325 registered archeological and ancient sites, 200 were destroyed by the Israeli army by January 2024, according to the Gaza Government Media office, along with an estimated 90 million shekels ($24.5 million), gold, and artifacts stolen by IDF soldiers.[392]
The Great Mosque of Gaza was left with only the minaret standing.[393] Sites that have been damaged or destroyed include Rafah Museum, Al Qarara Cultural Museum, Rashad Shawa Cultural Center, Hamam al-Sammara, and Tell el-Ajjul.[58] The Church of Saint Porphyrius, the world's third-oldest church, was damaged in an airstrike, as was the Saint Hilarion Monastery. The Byzantine Church of Jabalia, dating from the 5th century and restored in 2022, was destroyed.[58] The destruction of Gaza City's public library and central archives have been compared to the 1992 attacks on the National and University Library of Bosnia and Herzegovina.[394][391][395][396] All universities in the Gaza Strip were bombed by Israeli forces, including the destruction of Al-Israa University and its museum containing several thousand rare artifacts.[397]
It was reported in January 2024 that Israel Antiquities Authority Director Eli Askozido had shared photos on his official Instagram account of reportedly stolen artifacts from Gaza that had been stored in a warehouse. The post was later deleted and Askozido posted a statement claiming his department had been called in only to document the items, and that they had not been brought to Israel.[392]
Homes
By 7 December 2023, more than one third of homes in Gaza were destroyed by Israel, leading to charges of domicide, referring to the mass destruction of dwellings. Although the term is accepted in academia, it is yet to be defined in international law.[57] Videos posted by IDF soldiers to social media have shown them breaking into Palestinian homes that had been evacuated or destroyed and looting valuables and or daily items.[398] The Euro Med Human Rights Monitor has reported widespread looting by IDF troops in where they stole assets and money from Palestinian citizens, including items like computers and jewelry. According to a legal researcher at the Ramallah based human rights organization Al-Haq, Israeli authorities have justified the looting as that the items and money are somehow belongs to Hamas, while others have claimed it shows intentional destruction of property and collective punishment.[399]
Communications
Direct Israeli attacks on telecommunications infrastructure, electricity blockades, and fuel shortages have caused the near-total collapse of Gaza's largest cell network providers.[400][401][402] Lack of internet access has prevented Gazan citizens from communicating with loved ones, learning of IDF operations, and identifying areas most exposed to bombing and possible escape routes.[400] The blackouts have also impeded emergency services, making it more difficult to find and access the injured,[400] and have impeded humanitarian aid agencies and journalists.[400] By December 2023, 200,000 Gazans (about 10% of the population) had received internet access through an eSIM provided by Connecting Humanity.[403]
Desecration of cemeteries
On 14 December 2023, The New York Times reported that Israeli forces had damaged or destroyed at least six cemeteries in Gaza,[404] and on 20 January 2024, CNN reported that Israeli forces had desecrated at least 16 cemeteries, turning some into military outposts.[59] Forensic Architecture reported on 19 December 2023 that Israel had destroyed one of Gaza's most important archaeological sites, near al-Shati refugee camp.[405]
Reactions
Iran
According to Al Jazeera English, on 15 October, "Iran warned Israel of regional escalation if the Israeli military [entered] Gaza for a ground invasion". Iranian Foreign Minister Hossein Amir-Abdollahian said that if efforts to stop Israeli attacks in Gaza failed, it was increasingly likely that "other fronts [would] be opened".[406]
United States
In an interview aired on 15 October, U.S. President Joe Biden said it would be a mistake for Israel to occupy Gaza again but that eliminating Hezbollah in the north and Hamas in the south is "a necessary requirement".[407] U.S. officials said the Biden administration advised Israel to delay the ground invasion of Gaza to allow more time for hostage negotiations.[408]
Former CIA director David Petraeus warned that a ground offensive in Gaza "could be Mogadishu on steroids very quickly."[409]
Egypt
On 25 October, Egyptian President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi warned that a ground invasion of the Gaza Strip would cause "many, many civilian casualties".[410] On 6 February, the Egyptian government expressed fears that an Israeli ground invasion of Rafah could push hundreds of thousands of Palestinians to try to flee across the border into Egypt.[411]
Saudi Arabia
On 27 October, Saudi officials strongly cautioned the United States that an Israeli ground operation in Gaza could have devastating consequences for the Middle East.[412]
Israeli public
On 19 October, a poll by the Israeli newspaper Maariv found that 65% of Israelis supported a ground invasion and 21% opposed it.[413][414] In comparison, according to a poll conducted for Israel's Maariv newspaper on 25 and 26 October, only 29% of Israelis supported an immediate large-scale ground offensive into the Gaza Strip. Maariv said that "It is almost certain that the developments on the matter of the hostages, which is now topping the agenda, have had a great impact on this shift."[415] According to a survey carried out by the Hebrew University on 7–9 December on the post-war handling of Gaza 56% of Israelis opposed the annexation of Gaza with only 33% in favor while 11% were uncertain. When questioned on who should administer Gaza in the immediate post-war period 23% of Israelis supported a coalition of moderate Arab states, 22% for Israeli military rule, 18% for an international force take charge of the territory, 18% for Israel annexing Gaza and 11% support for the return of the Palestinian Authority.[416] (see also Proposed Israeli resettlement of the Gaza Strip)
The Hostages and Missing Families Forum, that represents the families of kidnapped Israelis, complained that no one had explained "whether the ground operation endangers the well-being of the 229 hostages".[417] MK Ahmad Tibi said Israel's invasion of Rafah would be a war crime.[418]
Palestinians
Palestinians in Gaza reacted most strongly to the violence they experienced at the hands of IDF soldiers during the invasion, with one man whose brother was killed by an Israel sniper stating, "This is not an occupation. This is an enemy who kills without a reason."[419] One woman who had evacuated from northern to central then southern Gaza said, "Let the Israelis kill us all; let them ethnically cleanse what remains of the Palestinians."[420] Another woman who had remained in Gaza City and was sheltering at al-Shifa Hospital, said in February 2024, "Our houses were destroyed. Our children were killed. Where should we go? The shooting must stop so we can find a place to live."[421]
On 6 February, West Bank politician Mustafa Barghouti said, "Any military operations in Rafah – with its limited space and crowdedness with over 1.5 million Palestinians displaced by the Israeli army – would lead to brutal massacres unprecedented in modern history."[422] Palestinians in Rafah feared a permanent displacement like 1948.[423] On 10 February, Palestinian president Mahmoud Abbas said the impending Israeli invasion of Rafah would create "another Nakba, which will push the whole region into endless wars".[424] Hanan Ashrawi said, "We are in the midst of a genocide" in Gaza.[425]
International organizations
In advance of an expected ground invasion of Rafah, UN Secretary General Antonio Guterres said, "Such an action would exponentially increase what is already a humanitarian nightmare with untold regional consequences."[426] The UN General Assembly President Dennis Francis said, "I am shocked and deeply dismayed by the news of an Israeli military offensive into the south of the Gaza Strip. I join the Secretary-General in pleading on behalf of the multitudes of innocent civilians with nowhere safe to go".[427]
Save the Children asked: "Where is there left for the population to go? They have been already moved from the north of Gaza, from the central areas of Gaza – moved around like pieces on a chess board to achieve military objectives. There is nowhere left for them to move."[428] The Norwegian Refugee Council said, "An expansion of hostilities could turn Rafah into a zone of bloodshed and destruction that people won't be able to escape. There is nowhere left for people to flee to."[429] Omar Shakir, the Human Rights Watch director for Israel and Palestine said, "There's nowhere safe to go in Gaza. The ICJ has ordered Israel to prevent genocide. The [international] community should act to prevent further atrocities."[430]
Al Mezan Center said, "The international community must act now to halt the ground invasion of Rafah."[431] The Carter Center said, "Ordering this new wave of displacement of Palestinians will further exacerbate the humanitarian crisis".[432] Catherine M. Russell, the president of UNICEF, said, "Some 1.3M civilians are pushed into a corner, living on streets or shelters. They must be protected. They have nowhere safe to go".[433]
See also
- List of invasions in the 21st century
- Outline of the Israel–Hamas war
- List of engagements during the Israel–Hamas war
- Timeline of the Israel–Hamas war
- October 2023 Israeli blockade of the Gaza Strip
- United States support for Israel in the Israel–Hamas war
- 2005 Israeli disengagement from Gaza
- Population statistics for Israeli settlements in the Gaza Strip
Notes
- ^ In the Gaza Strip, smaller Palestinian groups fighting in the war include: Palestinian Freedom Movement (Al-Ansar Brigades),[6][7] Palestinian Mujahideen Movement (Mujahideen Brigades),[5][6][7] and various minor al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades splinter groups (several of which possibly rejoined the al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades just before the war).[7]
- ^ Initial airstrikes started on 7 October; temporary raids ongoing since 13 October and full scale invasion on 27 October
References
- ^ "UNRWA Situation Report #1 on the Situation in the Gaza Strip (Situation Report)". United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East. United Nations. 7 October 2023. Archived from the original on 16 October 2023. Retrieved 16 October 2023.
At 06:30 on the morning of 7 October 2023, Hamas launched more than 5,000 rockets reportedly fired towards Israel from multiple locations in Gaza, as well as ground operation into Israel.
- ^ Fabian, Emanuel (9 October 2023). "Officer, 2 soldiers killed in clash with terrorists on Lebanon border; mortars fired". The Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 9 October 2023. Retrieved 11 October 2023.
- ^ "Who are Hamas's allies in Gaza? From Islamic Jihad to Marxist militants". The National. 15 November 2023. Retrieved 19 November 2023.
- ^ Fabian, Emanuel (19 October 2023). "IDF says it killed head of military wing of Gaza's Popular Resistance Committees". Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 19 October 2023. Retrieved 19 October 2023.
- ^ a b Ragad, Abdelali; Irvine-Brown, Richard; Garman, Benedict; Seddon, Sean (24 November 2023). "How Hamas built a force to attack Israel on 7 October". BBC. Retrieved 28 December 2023.
- ^ a b Vlierden, Guy Van (14 October 2023). "HLN Onderzoek. Van jihadisten tot communisten: zeker 10 groeperingen deden mee met actie Palestijnse terroristen" [HLN Research. From jihadists to communists: at least 10 groups participated in Palestinian terrorist action]. Het Laatste Nieuws (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 14 October 2023.
- ^ a b c Smyth, Phillip (December 2023). "The Path to October 7: How Iran Built Up and Managed a Palestinian 'Axis of Resistance'". CTC Sentinel. 16 (11). Combating Terrorism Center.
- ^ "Al Qaeda-aligned Jaysh al-Ummah says it is fighting Israeli troops in Gaza". 19 December 2023. Archived from the original on 26 December 2023. Retrieved 26 December 2023.
- ^ "Jaysh al-Ummah Statement on Gaza: Overview and Analysis". 21 December 2023. Archived from the original on 26 December 2023. Retrieved 26 December 2023.
- ^ "Institute for the study of war - Iran update November 4". ISW. Archived from the original on 5 November 2023. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
- ^ The Times of Israel. 23 August 2024 https://www.timesofisrael.com/maj-res-moshe-leiter-39-father-of-6-training-to-be-a-doctor/amp/.
{{cite web}}
: Missing or empty|title=
(help) - ^ The Times of Israel. 23 August 2024 https://www.timesofisrael.com/maj-jamal-abbas-23-grandson-of-prominent-druze-officer/amp/.
{{cite web}}
: Missing or empty|title=
(help) - ^ The Times of Israel. 23 August 2024 https://www.timesofisrael.com/those-we-have-lost/.
{{cite web}}
: Missing or empty|title=
(help) - ^ The Times of Israel. 23 August 2024 https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/army-says-a-second-reserve-soldier-was-killed-by-roadside-bomb-in-gaza/.
{{cite web}}
: Missing or empty|title=
(help) - ^ "Israeli airstrike in Gaza said to kill senior member of Democratic Front terror group". Times of Israel. 13 May 2024. Archived from the original on 15 May 2024. Retrieved 16 May 2024.
- ^ "252nd Division conquers Beit Hanoun in Gaza". Israel National News. 18 December 2023. Archived from the original on 6 April 2024. Retrieved 27 December 2023.
- ^ Fabian, Emanuel (8 November 2023). "IDF says its entire 252nd Reserve Division is operating inside Gaza". The Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 16 December 2023. Retrieved 27 December 2023.
- ^ a b c d "Institute for the Study of War". Archived from the original on 10 January 2024. Retrieved 17 April 2024.
- ^ Frantzman, Seth (30 October 2023). "Israel presses its offensive into Gaza". FDD's Long War Journal. Archived from the original on 31 October 2023. Retrieved 30 October 2023.
- ^ a b Jaffe-Hoffman, Maayan (27 October 2023). "WATCH: Elite Israeli Navy unit destroys Hamas infrastructure overnight". The Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on 1 November 2023. Retrieved 1 November 2023.
- ^ Tegler, Eric (6 December 2023). "Israel Is Bringing Its Sa'ar-Class Missile Boats to the Gaza Fight". Forbes. Archived from the original on 18 February 2024. Retrieved 18 February 2024.
- ^ "Police say Officer Arnon Zamora dies of wounds from hostage rescue op". Time of Israel. Retrieved 8 June 2024.
- ^ "IDF tanks, troops push into Gaza in limited raid ahead of ground offensive". BBC. 28 October 2023. Archived from the original on 29 October 2023. Retrieved 30 October 2023.
- ^ "The Order of Battle of Hamas' Izz Al Din Al Qassem Brigades". Institute for the Study of War. Archived from the original on 1 January 2024. Retrieved 23 May 2024.
- ^ "Iran Update, December 6, 2023". Institute for the Study of War. 6 December 2023. Archived from the original on 14 December 2023. Retrieved 11 December 2023.
- ^ a b Carter, Brian; Parry, Andie; Mills, Peter; Moore, Johnanna; Ganzeveld, Annika; Soltani, Amin; Carl, Nicholas (30 October 2023). "Iran Update, October 30, 2023". Institute for the Study of War. Archived from the original on 31 October 2023. Retrieved 31 October 2023.
- ^ "Iran Update, November 5, 2023". Institute for the Study of War. 5 November 2023. Archived from the original on 14 November 2023. Retrieved 11 December 2023.
- ^ "Iran Update, November 9, 2023". Institute for the Study of War. 9 November 2023. Archived from the original on 21 November 2023. Retrieved 11 December 2023.
- ^ "Iran Update, November 11, 2023". Institute for the Study of War. 11 November 2023. Archived from the original on 12 November 2023. Retrieved 11 December 2023.
- ^ "Iran Update, November 13, 2023". Institute for the Study of War. 13 November 2023. Archived from the original on 21 November 2023. Retrieved 11 December 2023.
- ^ Pape, Robert A. (6 December 2023). "Israel's Failed Bombing Campaign in Gaza". Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original on 7 December 2023. Retrieved 7 December 2023.
- ^ Nakhoul, Samia (13 October 2023). "How Hamas secretly built a 'mini-army' to fight Israel". Reuters. Archived from the original on 13 October 2023. Retrieved 13 October 2023.
- ^ "Sergeant Amit Tsadikov killed in action in southern Gaza, 700th soldier to fall in war". Israel National News. 25 August 2024.
- ^ "Swords of Iron: IDF Casualties". Retrieved 17 June 2024.
- ^ "ההזיות של סינוואר: הרגנו 1,600 חיילים ישראלים" [Sinwar's hallucinations: We killed 1,600 Israeli soldiers] (in Hebrew). Srugim. 25 December 2023. Archived from the original on 25 December 2023. Retrieved 25 December 2023.
- ^ a b "סינוואר שובר שתיקה לראשונה מתחילת המלחמה: "גדודי אל-קסאם השמידו את צבא הכיבוש"" [The war: "Al-Qassam brigades destroyed the occupation army"] (in Hebrew). Maariv. 25 December 2023. Archived from the original on 25 December 2023. Retrieved 25 December 2023.
- ^ "شاهد.. هجوم مقاتلي القسام على جنود الاحتلال في خيامهم في جحر الديك". 11 August 2024.
- ^ a b Zitun, Yoav (4 August 2024). "Soldiers still in limbo as draft legislation stalls". ynetnews. Retrieved 4 August 2024.
- ^ a b c "Statistics on the Israeli attack on the Gaza Strip (07 October - 26 October 2023)". 27 October 2023. Archived from the original on 10 May 2024. Retrieved 23 April 2024.
- ^ a b "Statistics on the Israeli attack on the Gaza Strip (07 - 26 October 2023)". Euro-Med Monitor. 27 October 2023. Retrieved 18 January 2024.
- ^ Makhoul, Samia; Pamuk, Humeyra; Landay, Jonathan (6 June 2024). "Diminished Hamas switches to full insurgent mode in Gaza". Reuters. Retrieved 17 June 2024.
- ^ A. Youssef, Nancy; Malsin, Jared; Keller-Lynn, Carrie (21 January 2024). "Hamas Toll Thus Far Falls Short of Israel's War Aims, U.S. Says". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 23 January 2024. Retrieved 24 January 2024.
- ^ Fabian, Emanuel (15 August 2024). "IDF: Dozens of tunnels razed on Gaza-Egypt border, 17,000 terror operatives killed in war". Times of Israel. Retrieved 15 August 2024.
- ^ Jeremy Bob, Yonah (1 February 2024). "Israel defeats Hamas in Khan Yunis, over 10,000 Gazan terrorists killed". Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 3 February 2024. Retrieved 3 February 2024.
- ^ Yonah Jeremy Bob (11 May 2024). "As defense chiefs confront Netanyahu over Gaza's 'day after,' three IDF divisions back in Gaza". The Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on 12 May 2024. Retrieved 11 May 2024.
- ^ Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Monitor [@EuroMedHR] (23 April 2024). "#Infographic| Statistics on the Israeli Genocide in the Gaza Strip (7 October 2023-23 April 2024)" (Tweet). Retrieved 23 April 2024 – via Twitter.
- ^ Lazar Berman (13 May 2024). "Netanyahu: Ratio of Hamas combatants to Gazan civilians killed in ongoing war is about 1:1". The Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 27 May 2024. Retrieved 14 May 2024.
- ^ "Health Ministry In Hamas-run Gaza Says War Death Toll At 35,303". Barron's. Agence France-Presse. 17 May 2024. Archived from the original on 17 May 2024. Retrieved 17 May 2024.
- ^ "Israeli army 'extending ground operations tonight' in Gaza, intensifies air strikes". France 24. 27 October 2023. Archived from the original on 18 January 2024. Retrieved 18 January 2024.
- ^ Fabian, Emanuel (20 August 2024). "IDF confirms it retrieved bodies of 6 hostages from Gaza, including previously unnamed Alex Dancyg". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 20 August 2024.
- ^ Ehab, Yomna; Alashray, Enas (1 March 2024). "Hamas armed wing says seven hostages killed in Gaza". Reuters. Retrieved 4 March 2024.
- ^
- "Has Israel invaded Gaza? The military has been vague, even if its objectives are clear". Associated Press. 31 October 2023. Archived from the original on 1 November 2023. Retrieved 2 November 2023.
- Boxerman, Aaron (1 November 2023). "Israel Confirms Deaths of 15 Soldiers in Ground Invasion of Gaza". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2 November 2023. Retrieved 2 November 2023.
- ^
- Turak, Natasha (12 December 2023). "Can Hamas actually be eliminated? This is what military and security analysts think". CNBC. Archived from the original on 18 December 2023. Retrieved 13 December 2023.
- Al-Mughrabi, Nidal; Williams, Dan (27 November 2023). "Israel-Hamas truce in Gaza extended two days; 11 more hostages freed". Reuters. Archived from the original on 4 December 2023.
- ^ Nichols, Michelle; Farge, Emma (13 May 2024). "UN says Gaza death toll still over 35,000 but not all bodies identified". Reuters.
- ^ "Gaza war: Why is the UN citing lower death toll for women and children?". 16 May 2024. Retrieved 28 May 2024.
- ^ Malsin, Jared; Shah, Saeed (30 December 2023). "The Ruined Landscape of Gaza After Nearly Three Months of Bombing". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 4 January 2024.
- ^ a b "Widespread destruction in Gaza puts concept of 'domicide' in focus". The Guardian. 7 December 2023. Retrieved 6 February 2024.
- ^ a b c Saber, Indlieb Farazi (14 January 2024). "A 'cultural genocide': Which of Gaza's heritage sites have been destroyed?". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
- ^ a b Diamond, Jeremy (20 January 2024). "At least 16 cemeteries in Gaza have been desecrated by Israeli forces, satellite imagery and videos reveal". CNN. Retrieved 20 January 2024.
- ^ a b c d e Burke, Jason; Michaelson, Ruth; Borger, Julian (22 November 2023). "Israel and Hamas agree deal for release of some hostages and four-day ceasefire". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 29 November 2023. Retrieved 22 November 2023.
- ^ "Israel's military campaign in Gaza seen as among the most destructive in recent history, experts say". AP News. 21 December 2023. Archived from the original on 22 December 2023. Retrieved 22 December 2023.
- ^ "Under US Pressure, Israel Agrees to Allow Limited Fuel Into Gaza Strip". Voice of America. 17 November 2023. Archived from the original on 18 November 2023. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
- ^ "'Barely a drop to drink': children in the Gaza Strip do not access 90 per cent of their normal water use". UNICEF. 20 December 2023.
- ^ Abu Alouf, Rushdi; Slow, Oliver (10 October 2023). "Gaza 'soon without fuel, medicine and food' – Israel authorities". BBC News. Archived from the original on 9 October 2023. Retrieved 11 October 2023.
- ^ Paddison, Laura; Marsh, Rene (24 October 2023). "Gazans forced to drink dirty, salty water as the fuel needed to run water systems runs out". CNN. Archived from the original on 25 October 2023. Retrieved 26 October 2023.
- ^ "The UN stops delivery of food and supplies to Gaza as a communications blackout hinders coordination". AP News. 17 November 2023. Archived from the original on 16 December 2023. Retrieved 17 December 2023.
- ^ Graham-Harrison, Emma (17 November 2023). "Gaza faces 'immediate possibility' of starvation as disease spreads, UN says". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 17 November 2023. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
- ^ Stein, Robin; Willis, Haley; Jhaveri, Ishaan; Miller, Danielle; Byrd, Aaron; Reneau, Natalie (22 December 2023). "A Times Investigation Tracked Israel's Use of One of Its Most Destructive Bombs in South Gaza". The New York Times. Retrieved 10 January 2024.
- ^ Abou-Ghazala, Yahya (13 October 2023). "In Gaza, Palestinians have no safe place from Israel's bombs". CNN. Archived from the original on 1 November 2023. Retrieved 11 December 2023.
- ^ "Israel continues bombarding Gaza, including places it told Palestinians to evacuate to". PBS NewsHour. 9 December 2023. Archived from the original on 11 December 2023. Retrieved 11 December 2023.
- ^ "Israel Widens Attack on Hamas; Palestinians Pour Into Southern Gaza". Voice of America. 29 December 2023.
- ^ "Around Half A Million Israelis Displaced Inside Israel: Military". Barron's. 16 October 2023. Archived from the original on 19 November 2023. Retrieved 19 November 2023.
- ^ Lappin, Yaakov (31 October 2023). "250,000 Israelis displaced, bodies identified three weeks after mass murder". Israel Today. Archived from the original on 23 February 2024. Retrieved 6 February 2024.
- ^ "Israel allows return of residents in settlements 4 kilometers from Gaza border: Media reports". Anadolu Agency. 21 November 2023. Archived from the original on 23 February 2024. Retrieved 6 February 2024.
- ^ "Urgently investigate inhumane treatment and enforced disappearance of Palestinians detainees from Gaza". Amnesty International. 20 December 2023. Archived from the original on 22 December 2023. Retrieved 22 December 2023.
- ^ "Hungry, thirsty and humiliated: Israel's mass arrest campaign sows fear in northern Gaza". AP News. 14 December 2023. Archived from the original on 21 December 2023. Retrieved 22 December 2023.
- ^ "Mass arrests of Palestinians in occupied West Bank". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 19 November 2023. Retrieved 22 December 2023.
- ^ "Swords of Iron: IDF Casualties". Gov.il. 3 November 2023. Archived from the original on 31 January 2024. Retrieved 18 January 2024.
- ^ "Israel/occupied Palestinian territory: UN experts deplore attacks on civilians, call for truce and urge international community to address root causes of violence". Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. Archived from the original on 14 October 2023. Retrieved 15 October 2023.
- ^ Corder, Mike; Frankel, Julia (13 October 2023). "Experts say Hamas and Israel are committing war crimes in their fight". AP News. Archived from the original on 16 October 2023. Retrieved 18 October 2023.
- ^ a b Powell, Anita (5 January 2024). "South Africa to Take Israel to Top UN Court on Genocide Claim in Gaza". Voice of America. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
- ^ Debre, Isabel (13 October 2023). "What to know on the seventh day of the latest Israel-Hamas war". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 12 October 2023. Retrieved 13 October 2023.
- ^ "Hamas tells Gaza residents to stay put as Israel ground offensive looms". Reuters. 13 October 2023. Archived from the original on 13 October 2023. Retrieved 13 October 2023.
- ^ a b Sharma, Kadambini; Singh, Umashankar. Mitra, Chandrajit (ed.). "Ground Report: Israeli Tanks Roll Up To Border As Gazans Asked To Move South". NDTV. Archived from the original on 13 October 2023. Retrieved 13 October 2023.
- ^ "Israel: 1.1 Million in Gaza Should Evacuate Within 24 Hours". Voice of America. 13 October 2023. Archived from the original on 11 November 2023. Retrieved 8 April 2024.
- ^ "'Only the beginning' says Netanyahu as Israel makes first raids into Gaza". Reuters. 13 October 2023. Archived from the original on 12 October 2023. Retrieved 13 October 2023.
- ^ a b Ward, Alexander (13 October 2023). "Ground invasion of Gaza 'imminent,' Israeli officials say". Politico. Archived from the original on 13 October 2023. Retrieved 13 October 2023.
- ^ Askew, Joshua; O'Donoghue, Saskia (13 October 2023). "Israel Hamas war: 1.1m ordered to leave north Gaza as Palestine PM accuses Israel of 'genocide'". Euronews. Archived from the original on 13 October 2023. Retrieved 13 October 2023.
- ^ Aggarwal, Mithil; Salam, Yasmine (13 October 2023). "Gaza residents, under the threat of a ground invasion, desperately seek safety but their options are dire". NBC News. Archived from the original on 13 October 2023. Retrieved 13 October 2023.
- ^ "Israeli military steps up warnings to north Gaza residents, preparations for ground offensive". Politico. 21 October 2023. Archived from the original on 22 October 2023. Retrieved 24 October 2023.
- ^ "Israel tells Gazans to move south or risk being seen as 'terrorist' partner". Reuters. 22 October 2023. Archived from the original on 22 October 2023. Retrieved 24 October 2023.
- ^ a b Fabian, Emanuel (13 October 2023). "IDF: Infantry troops, tanks entered Gaza for 'localized raids' to clear area of terrorists, locate hostages". Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 13 October 2023. Retrieved 27 October 2023.
- ^ "Israel conducts limited ground raids to rescue hostages in Gaza". Hürriyet Daily News. 23 October 2023. Archived from the original on 27 October 2023. Retrieved 28 October 2023.
- ^ Fabian, Emanuel (13 October 2023). "IDF launches first 'localized' raids into Gaza ahead of expected ground invasion". Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 13 October 2023. Retrieved 13 October 2023.
- ^ Debre, Isabel; Lederer, Edith M.; Shurafa, Wafaa. "Palestinians flee northern Gaza after Israel orders 1 million to evacuate as ground attack looms". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 13 October 2023. Retrieved 13 October 2023.
- ^ "IDF 'localized' raids into Gaza said to recover bodies; maps show Hamas killing plans". Times of Israel. 14 October 2023. Archived from the original on 14 October 2023. Retrieved 14 October 2023.
- ^ Fabian, Emanuel (26 October 2023). "IDF tanks, troops push into Gaza in limited raid ahead of ground offensive". The Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 26 October 2023. Retrieved 26 October 2023.
- ^ Frantzman, Seth (26 October 2023). "Israel conducts first large scale tank raid into Gaza, repairs fence". FDD's Long War Journal. Archived from the original on 27 October 2023. Retrieved 27 October 2023.
- ^ Fabian, Emmanuel (27 October 2023). "Israeli troops stage second limited raid into Gaza Strip". The Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 27 October 2023. Retrieved 27 October 2023.
- ^ "Near-total internet and cellular blackout hits Gaza as Israel ramps up strikes". NBC News. 27 October 2023. Archived from the original on 27 October 2023. Retrieved 27 October 2023.
- ^ Ravid, Barak (28 October 2023). "Israeli military launches major ground incursion in Gaza". Axios. Archived from the original on 28 October 2023. Retrieved 28 October 2023.
- ^ "Israel pummels Gaza with strikes as it expands ground operations". France 24. Agence France-Presse. 27 October 2023. Archived from the original on 28 October 2023. Retrieved 30 October 2023.
- ^ "Israeli drone crashes in Gaza City — reports". The Times of Israel. 27 October 2023. Archived from the original on 29 October 2023. Retrieved 3 December 2023.
- ^ Mackenzie, James (28 October 2023). "Hamas vows 'full force'; Israel says troops still on the ground in Gaza". Reuters. Archived from the original on 27 October 2023. Retrieved 28 October 2023.
- ^ "IDF announces expanded ground operation in Gaza, amid communications blackout in the enclave". CNN. 28 October 2023. Archived from the original on 28 October 2023. Retrieved 28 October 2023.
- ^ "Israel-Gaza latest: War against Hamas in 'next stage'; Netanyahu warns conflict will be 'long and difficult'". Sky News. Archived from the original on 28 October 2023. Retrieved 28 October 2023.
- ^ Gal Perl, "The IDF's unique advantage, the commanders are the secret to its strength": Lessons learned from 1982 to 2023 Archived 10 May 2024 at the Wayback Machine, The Dado Center for Interdisciplinary Military Studies, 30 April 2024.
- ^ "Maps: Tracking the Attacks in Israel and Gaza". The New York Times. 2 November 2023. Archived from the original on 3 November 2023.
- ^ a b Jackson, Patrick. "Israel Gaza live news: Doctors in Gaza say Israel has told them to evacuate a key hospital in Gaza City". BBC News. Archived from the original on 30 October 2023. Retrieved 29 October 2023.
- ^ Lowe, Yohannes; Hall, Rachel; Ratcliffe, Rebecca (29 October 2023). "Israel-Hamas war live: WHO 'deeply concerned' by report of evacuation warning to Gaza's al-Quds hospital". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 29 October 2023. Retrieved 29 October 2023.
- ^ Lowe, Yohannes; Hall, Rachel; Ratcliffe, Rebecca (29 October 2023). "Israel-Hamas war live: WHO 'deeply concerned' by report of evacuation warning to Gaza's al-Quds hospital". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 7 November 2023. Retrieved 29 October 2023.
- ^ "بعد الوصول لشارع صلاح الدين.. حماس تحبط خطة دبابات إسرائيل l 30 أكتوبر 2023 – 15:25 بتوقيت أبوظبي س" [After reaching Salah al-Din Street.. Hamas thwarts Israel's tank plan l October 30, 2023 – 15:25 Abu Dhabi time]. skynewsarabia.com (in Arabic). 29 October 2023. Archived from the original on 31 October 2023. Retrieved 31 October 2023.
- ^ "Institute for the Study of War". Institute for the Study of War. Archived from the original on 25 March 2022. Retrieved 8 November 2023.
- ^ "Israeli Tanks On The Edge Of Gaza City, Key Road Cut: Witnesses". Barron's. 30 October 2023. Archived from the original on 30 October 2023. Retrieved 30 October 2023.
- ^ "Heavy clashes as Israeli tanks reach Gaza City outskirts, cut key road". Al Jazeera English. 30 October 2023. Archived from the original on 30 October 2023. Retrieved 30 October 2023.
- ^ "Heavy clashes as Israeli tanks reach Gaza City outskirts, cut key road". Al Jazeera. 30 October 2023. Archived from the original on 30 October 2023. Retrieved 30 October 2023.
- ^ Stancati, Margherita; Lieber, Dov (30 October 2023). "Witness Describes Seeing Israeli Tank Fire on Taxi Southeast of Gaza City". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 30 October 2023. Retrieved 30 October 2023.
- ^ Turzi, Matan (30 October 2023). "Abducted soldier freed by IDF troops in Gaza". Ynet. Archived from the original on 1 November 2023. Retrieved 30 October 2023.
- ^ "Israel Army Says 16 Soldiers Killed Since Tuesday". Barron's. 1 November 2023. Archived from the original on 1 November 2023. Retrieved 1 November 2023.
- ^ Lieber, Dov; Cloud, David S. (2 November 2023). "Israeli Forces Cut Gaza in Two, Isolating North of Besieged Enclave". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 3 November 2023.
- ^ Michaelis, Tamar (2 November 2023). "The Israeli military has encircled Gaza City, IDF spokesman says". CNN. Archived from the original on 2 November 2023. Retrieved 2 November 2023.
The Israeli military has completed its encirclement of Gaza City
- ^ "Video seems to show Hamas fighter running up to an Israeli tank, planting an explosive on it, then shooting it". Business Insider. 3 November 2023. Archived from the original on 5 November 2023. Retrieved 6 November 2023.
- ^ a b c d Al-Mughrabi, Nidal; Lewis, Simon; Al-Khalidi, Suleiman (4 November 2023). "Palestinians say Israeli strike hits U.N.-run school as Blinken meets Arab leaders". Reuters. Archived from the original on 5 November 2023. Retrieved 4 November 2023.
- ^ Judd, Donald (4 November 2023). "Efforts to arrange safe passage for foreign nationals were stymied by Hamas and logistics, US official says". CNN. Archived from the original on 8 November 2023. Retrieved 8 November 2023.
- ^ "Deadly Israel strike on Gaza ambulance convoy sparks condemnation". France 24. 3 November 2023. Archived from the original on 3 November 2023. Retrieved 7 November 2023.
- ^ "Qassam Brigades fighting Israeli troops on several fronts: Abu Obaida". Al Jazeera. 4 November 2023. Archived from the original on 4 November 2023. Retrieved 10 November 2023.
In the last 48 hours, Hamas fighters destroyed 24 Israeli military vehicles, including a tank, an armoured personnel carrier, and a bulldozer with anti-armour weapons, notably Al Yassin 105 shells.
- ^ "Turkey recalls envoy to Israel, 'writes off' Netanyahu". France 24. 4 November 2023. Archived from the original on 4 November 2023. Retrieved 4 November 2023.
- ^ "Hamas armed wing: More than 60 hostages are missing due to Israeli airstrikes". Reuters. Archived from the original on 9 November 2023. Retrieved 7 November 2023.
- ^ "Protests in Israel target Netanyahu over release of captives". Al Jazeera. 4 November 2023. Archived from the original on 7 November 2023. Retrieved 8 November 2023.
- ^ Fabian, Emanuel (5 November 2023). "IDF announces death of Sgt. Yehonatan Maimon in Gaza, raising ground op toll to 29". Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 5 November 2023.
- ^ "Israel continues to attack hospitals in Gaza, killing at least 8". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 7 November 2023. Retrieved 8 November 2023.
- ^ "Suspend Arms to Israel, Palestinian Armed Groups". Human Rights Watch. 6 November 2023. Archived from the original on 7 November 2023. Retrieved 7 November 2023.
- ^ Malsin, Jared (6 November 2023). "U.S. Plans $320 Million Weapons Transfer to Israel as Gaza Toll Mounts". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 6 November 2023. Retrieved 7 November 2023.
- ^ "Netanyahu says IDF will control Gaza after war, rejects notion of international force". Times of Israel. 10 November 2023. Archived from the original on 12 November 2023. Retrieved 13 November 2023.
- ^ "Beloved educator and son of former Netanyahu aide among 5 reservists killed in Gaza". The Times of Israel. 12 November 2023. Archived from the original on 17 November 2023.
Of the five soldiers, four were members of the 551st Brigade's 697th Battalion and were killed by a blast from a booby-trapped tunnel shaft next to a mosque in the Beit Hanoun area. The troops were not inside the tunnel. The IDF identified them as Maj. (res.) Moshe Yedidyah Leiter, Sgt. Maj. (res.) Yossi Hershkovitz, Master Sgt. (res.) Matan Meir, and Master Sgt. (res.) Sergey Shmerkin.
- ^ "IDF says 5 soldiers killed in Gaza Strip, 4 by blast from booby-trapped tunnel". ynet. 12 November 2023. Archived from the original on 16 November 2023.
- ^ "Fauda's Executive Producer Matan Meir Killed in Gaza". 12 November 2023. Archived from the original on 12 November 2023. Retrieved 12 November 2023.
- ^ Israel Defense Forces [@IDF] (14 November 2023). "Beneath the Rantisi Hospital in Gaza, IDF forces found a room where Israeli hostages are believed to have been held. The calendar found in the room marked the days since 7 October Massacre with the title "Operation Al-Aqsa Flood", Hamas's name for their horrific attack on Israel" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
- ^ Fabian, Emanuel (14 November 2023). "IDF: Hamas operated command center, likely held hostages under Gaza kids' hospital". Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 14 November 2023. Retrieved 14 November 2023.
- ^ "Hamas hid hostages under Rantisi hospital, IDF reveals in Gaza". The Jerusalem Post. 13 November 2023. Archived from the original on 13 November 2023. Retrieved 14 November 2023.
- ^ Gavrielov, Nadav; Rosenberg, Matthew (14 November 2023). "Israel shows videos of a Gaza hospital basement it says was used by Hamas". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 15 November 2023. Retrieved 15 November 2023.
- ^ "Israeli propaganda in Gaza: Experts debunk incubator, hostage hideout claims". The New Arab. 14 November 2023. Archived from the original on 14 November 2023. Retrieved 14 November 2023.
- ^ Robertson, Nic (14 November 2023). "Israel shows alleged Hamas 'armory' under children's hospital in Gaza. Local health officials dismiss the claims". CNN. Archived from the original on 18 November 2023. Retrieved 15 November 2023.
- ^ "Israeli army claims found room beneath Gaza's Rantisi Hospital where 'hostages were kept'". Dawn. 14 November 2023. Archived from the original on 14 November 2023. Retrieved 14 November 2023.
- ^ Auf, Omar (14 November 2023). "IDF Finds Calendar Under Hospital, Claims Days of the Week are Hamas Members". Egyptian Streets. Archived from the original on 15 November 2023. Retrieved 15 November 2023.
- ^ Samee Ali, Safia (14 November 2023). "Israel Blames 'Translation Error' for Claiming Calendar in Children's Hospital Was List of Hamas Hostage Guards". The Messenger. Archived from the original on 15 November 2023. Retrieved 15 November 2023.
- ^ "Israel mocked over video of calendar with Hamas leaders names". Albawaba. Archived from the original on 14 November 2023. Retrieved 14 November 2023.
- ^ a b c d e Browne, Malachy; Collier, Neil (14 November 2023). "Evidence Points to Israeli Shells in Strikes on Gaza's Largest Hospital". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 15 November 2023. Retrieved 15 November 2023.
- ^ "Israeli military raids Gaza's Al-Shifa Hospital complex, hundreds of patients remain trapped inside". CBC News. 14 November 2023. Archived from the original on 15 November 2023. Retrieved 15 November 2023.
- ^ "EU nations condemn Hamas for what they describe as use of hospitals, civilians as 'human shields'". AP News. 13 November 2023. Archived from the original on 13 November 2023. Retrieved 15 November 2023.
- ^ Jobain, Najib; Magdy, Samy; Jeffery, Jack. "Israel searches for traces of Hamas in raid of key Gaza hospital packed with patients". Oregon Public Broadcasting. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 15 November 2023. Retrieved 15 November 2023.
- ^ "Israeli forces 'brutally assaulted' men at al-Shifa Hospital: Staff". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 28 November 2023. Retrieved 16 November 2023.
- ^ "Israel-Gaza live news: Israel says military operation continues at Gaza's main hospital". BBC News. Archived from the original on 16 November 2023. Retrieved 16 November 2023.
- ^ Al-Mughrabi, Nidal (15 November 2023). "Hamas command centre, weapons found at Gaza hospital, Israeli military says". Reuters. Archived from the original on 15 November 2023. Retrieved 15 November 2023.
- ^ a b "US 'did not give OK' for Israel hospital raid in Gaza". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 15 November 2023. Retrieved 16 November 2023.
- ^ "Analyst likens Israel's al-Shifa 'evidence' to US claims about WMDs in Iraq". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 28 November 2023. Retrieved 15 November 2023.
- ^ "Israeli 'evidence' at al-Shifa does not justify collective punishment: AJ analyst". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 28 November 2023. Retrieved 15 November 2023.
- ^ "Biden staking 'credibility' on Israeli intelligence". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 28 November 2023. Retrieved 16 November 2023.
- ^ Fabian, Emanuel (15 November 2023), "Military demolishes Hamas parliament building in Gaza City", The Times of Israel
- ^ "Israeli army claims to have found a tunnel, weapons in al-Shifa". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 28 November 2023. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
- ^ Sinmaz, Emine (16 November 2023). "Israel says body of hostage recovered near al-Shifa hospital". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 17 November 2023. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
- ^ Dobkin, Rachel (16 November 2023). "Who was Yehudit Weiss? Israeli hostage found dead near Al-Shifa Hospital". Newsweek. Archived from the original on 16 November 2023. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
- ^ a b "Live updates: Palestinians in parts of southern Gaza receive notices to evacuate". AP News. 16 November 2023. Archived from the original on 16 November 2023. Retrieved 16 November 2023.
- ^ "Telecommunications cut off in Gaza after fuel runs out". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 16 November 2023. Retrieved 16 November 2023.
- ^ "Internet, phone networks collapse in Gaza, threatening to worsen humanitarian crisis". ABC News. Archived from the original on 16 November 2023. Retrieved 16 November 2023.
- ^ Rabinovitch, Ari; Lewis, Simon (18 November 2023). "Israel to allow some fuel into Gaza after US push -officials". Reuters. Archived from the original on 19 November 2023. Retrieved 19 November 2023.
- ^ "Israel agrees to allow 'minimal' two trucks of fuel a day into Gaza". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 19 November 2023. Retrieved 19 November 2023.
- ^ Zitun, Yoav; Kutub, Adam (17 November 2023). "Corp. Noa Marciano's remains located by troops and brought home". Ynetnews. Archived from the original on 18 November 2023. Retrieved 19 November 2023.
- ^ "Israeli airstrikes kill 80 in Palestinian refugee camp". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 20 November 2023. Retrieved 20 November 2023.
- ^ "Israeli army says it found 55-meter tunnel under Gaza's Al-Shifa hospital". Al Arabiya English. Agence France-Presse. 19 November 2023. Archived from the original on 20 November 2023. Retrieved 20 November 2023.
- ^ "Arab forces will not go to Gaza, says Jordanian minister in rebuke of Israel". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 20 November 2023. Retrieved 20 November 2023.
- ^ McKernan, Bethan (19 November 2023). "IDF publishes footage of what it says is Hamas tunnel at al-Shifa hospital". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 19 November 2023. Retrieved 19 November 2023.
- ^ Scharf, Avi; Michaeli, Yarden (23 November 2023). "Videos Show Exact Path of Hamas Tunnels Under Gaza's Al-Shifa Hospital". Haaretz. Archived from the original on 24 November 2023. Retrieved 24 November 2023.
- ^ Fabian, Emanuel (19 November 2023). "IDF: Hostage was killed in Shifa; clip shows Hamas take 2 other hostages there on Oct 7". Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 22 November 2023. Retrieved 22 November 2023.
- ^ a b Subramaniam, Tara; Upright, Ed; Hayes, Mike; Chowdhury, Maureen; Vera, Amir (20 November 2023). "Hamas is using bunkers built by Israel under Al-Shifa Hospital, former Israeli prime minister says". CNN. Archived from the original on 23 November 2023. Retrieved 9 December 2023.
- ^ Mordowanec, Nick (15 November 2023). "Fact Check: Did Israel Build Bunker Under Shifa Hospital?". Newsweek. Archived from the original on 6 December 2023. Retrieved 9 December 2023.
- ^ Robertson, Nick (22 November 2023). "IDF claims tunnels prove command room under Gaza hospital". The Hill. Archived from the original on 4 December 2023. Retrieved 9 December 2023.
- ^ Scahill, Jeremy (21 November 2023). "Al-Shifa Hospital, Hamas's Tunnels, and Israeli Propaganda". The Intercept. Archived from the original on 6 December 2023. Retrieved 9 December 2023.
- ^ "Barak causes storm by telling CNN Israel helped build some spaces beneath Shifa". Times of Israel. 21 November 2023. Archived from the original on 26 November 2023. Retrieved 26 November 2023.
- ^ "Israel unveils what it claims is a major Hamas militant hideout beneath Gaza City's Shifa Hospital". AP News. 23 November 2023. Archived from the original on 4 December 2023. Retrieved 9 December 2023.
Israel has not yet unveiled this purported center, but the military portrayed the underground hideout as its most significant discovery yet. Hamas and the hospital administration have denied Israel's accusations.
- ^ Gavrielov, Nadav (23 November 2023). "Israel Releases Videos It Says Show Hamas Tunnels Under Al-Shifa Hospital". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 4 December 2023. Retrieved 9 December 2023 – via NYTimes.com.
The videos so far — including those released on Wednesday [22 November] — have not shown conclusive evidence of a vast network of tunnels.
- ^ Dubai, Dov Lieber in Tel Aviv and Omar Abdel-Baqui in (22 November 2023). "Inside Israel's Campaign to Prove a Gaza Hospital Was a Hamas Command Center". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 5 December 2023. Retrieved 9 December 2023.
While many security analysts agree the latest evidence Israel has released increasingly suggests a Hamas presence at the hospital, most say they have yet to see something that constitutes a smoking gun showing it was a command center for Hamas, as Israel has alleged.
- ^ Sabbagh, Dan (23 November 2023). "Israel arrests Gaza hospital director and bombs 300 targets amid truce delay". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 4 December 2023. Retrieved 9 December 2023.
Israel has repeatedly claimed that Hamas ran a command and control centre from tunnels running near and under the hospital, although so far the evidence presented has fallen short of that.
- ^ "Secrets of the tunnels: What lies beneath al Shifa hospital?". Sky News. Archived from the original on 4 December 2023. Retrieved 9 December 2023.
The Israeli army is continuing to search the site for evidence of Hamas's presence, including the alleged command and control centre.
- ^ Vasilyeva, Nataliya; Barnes, Joe (23 November 2023). "Inside the tunnels beneath Gaza's Al-Shifa hospital". The Daily Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Archived from the original on 24 November 2023. Retrieved 25 November 2023.
While the footage does prove the existence of tunnels underneath the complex, it remains unclear whether they formed part of a Hamas command centre, as Israel claims.
- ^ "Crisis in Israel and the Occupied Palestinian Territories" (PDF). Amnesty International. 23 November 2023. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 December 2023. Retrieved 9 December 2023.
Amnesty International has no evidence to indicate that al-Shifa hospital has been used for anything other than treating patients during the current conflict in 2023. Amnesty International has so far not seen any credible evidence to support Israel's claim that al-Shifa is housing a military command centre – and indeed Israel has repeatedly failed to produce any evidence to substantiate this claim, which it has promoted since at least the 2008-9 Operation Cast Lead
- ^ Yee, Vivian (19 November 2023). "Premature Babies Are Evacuated From Embattled Hospital in Gaza". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 22 November 2023. Retrieved 19 November 2023.
- ^ "U.S. close to deal with Israel and Hamas to pause conflict, free some hostages". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 20 November 2023. Retrieved 20 November 2023.
- ^ "White House says no deal between Israel and Hamas yet -spokesperson". Reuters. Archived from the original on 20 November 2023. Retrieved 20 November 2023.
- ^ @NSC_Spox (19 November 2023). "We have not reached a deal yet, but we continue to work hard to get to a deal" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
- ^ "Israeli tanks besiege Gaza's Indonesian Hospital". Al Jazeera. 20 November 2023. Archived from the original on 29 November 2023. Retrieved 20 November 2023.
- ^ Gritten, David (20 November 2023). "Israeli tanks surround north Gaza's Indonesian Hospital". BBC News. Archived from the original on 26 November 2023. Retrieved 20 November 2023.
- ^ a b Fabian, Emanuel (20 November 2023). "IDF says it found Hamas rocket-making lab, weapons and tunnel entrance inside Gaza City mosque". Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 22 November 2023. Retrieved 22 November 2023.
- ^ "Israeli troops battle militants across north Gaza, which has been without power or water for weeks". AP News. 21 November 2023. Archived from the original on 22 November 2023. Retrieved 21 November 2023.
- ^ "Hamas signals 'truce deal' is near; Gaza's Indonesian Hospital reels from strike". The Washington Post. 21 November 2023. ISSN 0190-8286. OCLC 2269358. Archived from the original on 21 November 2023. Retrieved 21 November 2023.
- ^ a b c "Israel agrees to ceasefire deal, paving way for some captives' release". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 29 November 2023. Retrieved 22 November 2023.
- ^ "Israel, Hamas agree to ceasefire deal that also sees captives exchanged". CBC News. 21 November 2023. Archived from the original on 4 December 2023. Retrieved 9 December 2023.
- ^ "Israel, Hamas agree four-day truce, 50 hostages to go free". Reuters. 22 November 2023. Archived from the original on 22 November 2023. Retrieved 22 November 2023.
- ^ "Israeli government agrees to hostage deal". NBC News. 22 November 2023. Archived from the original on 29 November 2023. Retrieved 22 November 2023.
- ^ "Live updates: Israel-Hamas pause in fighting to start Thursday morning, Egyptian state media say". AP News. 22 November 2023. Archived from the original on 27 November 2023. Retrieved 22 November 2023.
- ^ "Israel-Hamas war: Four-day truce agreed, 50 hostages to go free". Reuters. 22 November 2023. Archived from the original on 22 November 2023. Retrieved 22 November 2023.
- ^ Zaig, Gadi (22 November 2023). "Israel-Hamas war: IDF paratroopers raid Hamas military intelligence HQ". The Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on 23 November 2023. Retrieved 23 November 2023.
- ^ Gavin, Christopher (23 November 2023). "Israeli Troops Uncover Weapons Underneath Children's Beds At Home of Top Hamas Commander". The Messenger. Archived from the original on 24 November 2023. Retrieved 24 November 2023.
- ^ Kingsley, Patrick (24 November 2023). "Here's the latest on the cease-fire". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 24 November 2023. Retrieved 9 December 2023.
- ^ Tan, Rebecca; Pietsch, Bryan (24 November 2023). "10 Thai nationals, 1 Filipino released from Gaza, officials say". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 5 December 2023. Retrieved 9 December 2023.
- ^ "Hamas frees 24 hostages in exchange for 39 Palestinian prisoners as part of cease-fire swap". AP News. 24 November 2023. Archived from the original on 28 November 2023. Retrieved 24 November 2023.
- ^ "Israel-Hamas war live updates: 25 hostages released as cease-fire holds". NBC News. 24 November 2023. Archived from the original on 29 November 2023. Retrieved 24 November 2023.
- ^ "Israel-Hamas War: Thirteen Israeli captives, four foreigners freed". The Jerusalem Post. 25 November 2023. Archived from the original on 29 November 2023. Retrieved 26 November 2023.
- ^ "Kibbutz Be'eri: Hamas 'grossly violated' hostage deal by releasing child without her mother". Times of Israel. 26 November 2023. Archived from the original on 27 November 2023. Retrieved 9 December 2023.
- ^ "Israel-Hamas War Day 51 : 17 Hostages Arrive in Israel, One in Life-threatening Condition; Hamas Seeks to Extend Gaza Cease-fire". Haaretz. Archived from the original on 26 November 2023. Retrieved 27 November 2023.
- ^ Madani, Doha; Cohen, Rebecca (26 November 2023). "Hamas releases 17 hostages in exchange for 39 Palestinians on Sunday". NBC News. Archived from the original on 29 November 2023. Retrieved 27 November 2023.
- ^ "Israel-Hamas truce extends by two days, Qatar says: Live updates". CNN. Archived from the original on 27 November 2023. Retrieved 27 November 2023.
- ^ Kingsley, Patrick (28 November 2023). "A Gaza Truce Aids Both Israel and Hamas. Until the Calculus Changes". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 28 November 2023. Retrieved 28 November 2023.
- ^ Frantzman, Seth J. (29 November 2023). "How Hamas is showcasing Islamic Jihad's Gaza role – analysis". The Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on 29 November 2023. Retrieved 29 November 2023.
- ^ Minsberg, Talya (28 November 2023). "Israel-Hamas War: Fifth Round of Hostages Released as Extended Truce Appears to Hold". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 29 November 2023. Retrieved 29 November 2023.
- ^ "10 Israeli hostages and 4 Thai hostages on their way to Israel". Ynetnews. 29 November 2023. Archived from the original on 30 November 2023. Retrieved 29 November 2023.
- ^ Steinberg, Jessica (29 November 2023). "Mother of hostage held in Gaza pans Red Cross as 'Uber for released hostages'". Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 29 November 2023. Retrieved 9 December 2023.
- ^ "Israel-Hamas war live updates: Gaza cease-fire extended a day; Jerusalem shooting kills 3". NBC News. 30 November 2023. Archived from the original on 30 November 2023. Retrieved 30 November 2023.
- ^ "Iran Update, December 1, 2023". 1 December 2023. Archived from the original on 2 December 2023. Retrieved 3 December 2023.
- ^ "Back to the Front Line: Resistance Roundup – DAY 56". 1 December 2023. Archived from the original on 3 December 2023. Retrieved 3 December 2023.
Al-Quds Brigades published footage of what it says is the wreckage of an Israeli Skylark drone that was reportedly shot down in the skies of central Gaza
- ^ "Institute for the study of war – Iran update". Institute for the Study of War. Archived from the original on 2 December 2023. Retrieved 3 December 2023.
- ^ "Institute for the study of war – Iran update". Institute for the Study of War. Archived from the original on 9 December 2023. Retrieved 4 December 2023.
- ^ "Institute for the study of war – Iran update". Institute for the Study of War. Archived from the original on 9 December 2023. Retrieved 4 December 2023.
- ^ "Israeli army blows up main courthouse in Gaza Strip", Anadolu Agency, 4 December 2023
- ^ ""Advancing to Khan Yunis, Israeli Army Encounters Most Intensive Fighting of Gaza War So Far"". Haaretz. 6 December 2023. Archived from the original on 6 December 2023. Retrieved 10 December 2023.
- ^ "Institute for the study of war – Iran update December 8". ISW. Archived from the original on 10 December 2023. Retrieved 10 December 2023.
- ^ ""ولعت ولعت".. مقاوم يستهدف دبابة إسرائيلية بشكل مباشر في غزة". Alaraby. 9 December 2023. Archived from the original on 10 December 2023. Retrieved 10 December 2023.
- ^ "7 soldiers killed, pushing Gaza ground op toll to 104; fighting rages in Khan Younis". Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 11 December 2023. Retrieved 11 December 2023.
- ^ a b "Ten soldiers, including two senior officers, killed in Gaza fighting and deadly ambush". Times of Israel. 13 December 2023. Archived from the original on 24 December 2023. Retrieved 13 December 2023.
- ^ Tabachnick, Cara (15 December 2023). "3 hostages in Gaza were killed by friendly fire, Israeli military says – CBS News". CBS News. Archived from the original on 18 December 2023. Retrieved 15 December 2023.
- ^ "Israel-Hamas war live updates: IDF says it mistakenly killed 3 Israeli hostages during fighting". NBC News. 15 December 2023. Archived from the original on 18 December 2023. Retrieved 15 December 2023.
- ^ "IDF troops mistakenly open fire and kill 3 hostages in northern Gaza battlefield". Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 18 December 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2023.
- ^ Lubell, Maayan (16 December 2023). "Israeli hostages killed in Gaza were holding white flag, official says". Reuters. Archived from the original on 17 December 2023. Retrieved 16 December 2023.
- ^ "2 soldiers killed fighting in Gaza, raising ground op toll to 129". The Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 18 December 2023. Retrieved 18 December 2023.
- ^ "Gaza war claims lives of five soldiers amid battles for Hamas strongholds". Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 18 December 2023. Retrieved 18 December 2023.
- ^ "مشاهد من التحام مجاهدي القسام مع آليات وجنود العدو في محاور مدينة خان يونس". Alahed. Archived from the original on 22 December 2023. Retrieved 22 December 2023.
- ^ "IDF says 14 soldiers killed over weekend amid heavy fighting in south, central Gaza". Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 24 December 2023. Retrieved 24 December 2023.
- ^ "IDF announces death of Maj. (res.) Aryeh Rein in battle in Gaza today". Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 24 December 2023. Retrieved 24 December 2023.
- ^ "صحفيون في شمال قطاع غزة: جيش الاحتلال انسحب من بيت حانون". royanews. Archived from the original on 25 December 2023. Retrieved 8 February 2024.
- ^ "اللواء الدويري: إسرائيل مضطربة وجحر الديك صورة لما تواجهه قواتها بغزة". Aljazeera. Archived from the original on 29 December 2023. Retrieved 8 February 2024.
- ^ "مشاهد من التحام مجاهدي القسام مع آليات الاحتلال بخانيونس – UNICEF =30 December 2023". Al Qassam BrigSlaydes. Archived from the original on 1 January 2024. Retrieved 1 January 2024.
- ^ "3 months into war, IDF says it's dismantled Hamas 'military framework' in north Gaza". Archived from the original on 9 January 2024. Retrieved 9 January 2024.
- ^ "Iran Update, January 7, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Archived from the original on 29 March 2024. Retrieved 9 January 2024.
- ^ "Israel has yet to destroy even half of Gaza's tunnels". The Economist. Archived from the original on 15 January 2024. Retrieved 16 January 2024.
- ^ "Iran Update – January 16, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. 16 January 2024. Archived from the original on 28 February 2024. Retrieved 8 February 2024.
- ^ "Irael, Under Pressure to Scale Back Intensity of War, Pulls Thousands of Troops From Gaza". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 21 January 2024. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
- ^ Kubovich, Yaniv (18 January 2024). "Hamas Begins Rehabilitating Militant Units in Northern Gaza the Israeli Army Declared Dismantled". Haaretz. Archived from the original on 18 January 2024. Retrieved 19 January 2024.
- ^ "Two more people killed in Khan Younis". Al Jazeera. 19 January 2024. Archived from the original on 20 January 2024. Retrieved 20 January 2024.
- ^ Leonhardt, David (22 January 2024). "The Decline of Deaths in Gaza". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 22 January 2024. Retrieved 22 January 2024.
- ^ "Israeli forces destroy entire neighbourhood in Khan Younis demolition". Al Jazeera. 22 January 2024. Archived from the original on 23 January 2024. Retrieved 23 January 2024.
- ^ "21 Israeli Troops Killed While Planting Explosives for a Controlled Demolition in Gaza". The Intercept. 23 January 2024. Archived from the original on 30 January 2024. Retrieved 30 January 2024.
- ^ "In deadliest incident of Gaza war, 21 soldiers killed as 2 buildings collapse in blast". Times of Israel. 23 January 2024. Archived from the original on 23 January 2024. Retrieved 23 January 2024.
- ^ Boxerman, Aaron (3 February 2024). "Israel Signals Its Military Will Move Into a Gazan City Turned Refuge". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 4 February 2024. Retrieved 4 February 2024.
- ^ Mahmoud, Hani. "Twenty-eight killed in Israeli attacks targeting eastern, central Rafah city". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 4 February 2024. Retrieved 4 February 2024.
- ^ "Germany's FM latest to warn Israel against Rafah offensive". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 4 February 2024. Retrieved 4 February 2024.
- ^ Yadav, Danita (3 February 2024). "Germany Warns Israel Against Offensive In Rafah - The Last 'Refuge' For Gazans". Times Now. Archived from the original on 3 February 2024. Retrieved 4 February 2024.
- ^ "At least 92 people killed in overnight Israeli attacks in Rafah". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 5 February 2024. Retrieved 5 February 2024.
- ^ "2 children killed in Israeli attack on school in Rafah, offensive continues in Khan Yunis". EFE. 4 February 2024. Archived from the original on 4 February 2024. Retrieved 5 February 2024.
- ^ Abu Azzoum, Tareq. "Israeli drones and fighter jets clearly heard at midnight in Rafah". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 5 February 2024. Retrieved 5 February 2024.
- ^ Ravid, Barak. "Blinken to Bibi: U.S. very concerned about possible Israeli ground operation in Rafah". Axios. Archived from the original on 8 February 2024. Retrieved 8 February 2024.
- ^ "Israeli strike hits close to event for displaced children in Rafah". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 7 February 2024. Retrieved 8 February 2024.
- ^ Mahmoud, Hani. "Fears intensify of Israeli ground invasion of Rafah city". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 7 February 2024. Retrieved 9 February 2024.
- ^ "Gaza Health Ministry, Witnesses Say Israeli Strike Kills 6 Securing Aid Truck". Barron's. Agence France Presse. Archived from the original on 13 February 2024. Retrieved 9 February 2024.
- ^ "Six people reported killed in Israeli shelling of vehicle in Rafah". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 7 February 2024. Retrieved 9 February 2024.
- ^ "US: We would not support Israeli military operation in Rafah". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 8 February 2024. Retrieved 9 February 2024.
- ^ "Israel-Gaza war: US says it will not back unplanned Rafah offensive". 8 February 2024. Archived from the original on 9 February 2024. Retrieved 9 February 2024.
- ^ Hazlewood, Phil. "Israel PM Orders Troops To Prepare For Push Into Rafah". Barron's. Archived from the original on 13 February 2024. Retrieved 9 February 2024.
- ^ "Panic in hemmed-in Rafah as Israel PM orders troops to prepare ground entry". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 9 February 2024. Retrieved 9 February 2024.
- ^ Mahmoud, Hani. "Bodies still being pulled from the rubble in Rafah". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 8 February 2024. Retrieved 10 February 2024.
- ^ "At least 14 killed in strikes on Rafah and Deir el-Balah: Report". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 8 February 2024. Retrieved 10 February 2024.
- ^ Tal, Amir; Krever, Mick (9 February 2024). "Netanyahu directs Israeli military to draw up plan to evacuate more than one million people from Rafah as offensive looms". CNN. Archived from the original on 9 February 2024. Retrieved 9 February 2024.
- ^ "MSF says Israeli assault on Rafah 'must not proceed'". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 9 February 2024. Retrieved 10 February 2024.
- ^ "EU foreign policy chief expresses alarm over planned Israeli assault on Rafah". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 9 February 2024. Retrieved 10 February 2024.
- ^ Hassan, Ahmed Mohamed. "Egypt steps up security on border as Israeli offensive in Gaza nears". Reuters. Retrieved 11 February 2024.
- ^ "Eight dead as Israeli military strikes two homes in Rafah". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 9 February 2024. Retrieved 11 February 2024.
- ^ "Israeli offensive in Rafah would be 'unjustifiable': Dutch minister". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 10 February 2024. Retrieved 11 February 2024.
- ^ "Canada warns Israel of 'devastating impact' of planned offensive in Rafah". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 10 February 2024. Retrieved 11 February 2024.
- ^ "Israeli media reports say many details of Israeli Rafah assault still not finalised". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 10 February 2024. Retrieved 11 February 2024.
- ^ "Two killed in Israeli targeting of police car in Rafah". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 10 February 2024. Retrieved 11 February 2024.
- ^ Al-Mughrabi, Nidal. "Palestinians brace for Rafah assault, Israel promises evacuation". Reuters. Archived from the original on 10 February 2024. Retrieved 11 February 2024.
- ^ "More than two dozen killed in overnight attacks on Rafah". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 10 February 2024. Retrieved 11 February 2024.
- ^ "Biden's call with Netanyahu a change in tone on Rafah". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 11 February 2024. Retrieved 11 February 2024.
- ^ "Any Israel offensive in Rafah will have 'devastating consequences': WHO". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 11 February 2024. Retrieved 11 February 2024.
- ^ "Egypt warns of 'dire consequences' of Rafah assault". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 11 February 2024. Retrieved 11 February 2024.
- ^ "Satellite images reveal how Egypt tightened borders with Gaza". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 11 February 2024. Retrieved 12 February 2024.
- ^ "Oman warns against Israel's plans to storm Rafah". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 13 February 2024. Retrieved 13 February 2024.
- ^ "How is a 'safe passage' in Rafah possible?". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 13 February 2024. Retrieved 13 February 2024.
- ^ Mahmoud, Hani. "Israel seeks to cause 'civil disorder' in Rafah city". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 13 February 2024. Retrieved 13 February 2024.
- ^ "Assault on Rafah would entail 'grave violations' of international law: Irish foreign minister". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 13 February 2024. Retrieved 13 February 2024.
- ^ "Rafah invasion plans 'blatant violation of international law': GCC chief". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 13 February 2024. Retrieved 13 February 2024.
- ^ Jobain, Najib (11 February 2024). "Israeli strikes hit Rafah after Biden warns Netanyahu to have 'credible' plan to protect civilians". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 23 March 2024. Retrieved 12 February 2024.
- ^ "Jordan's King Abdullah says world 'cannot afford' Israeli assault on Rafah". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 13 February 2024. Retrieved 13 February 2024.
- ^ "UN 'Won't Be Party' To Forced Displacement In Gaza: Spokesman". Barron's. Agence France Presse. Archived from the original on 13 February 2024. Retrieved 13 February 2024.
- ^ Pérez-Peña, Richard (12 February 2024). "U.S., U.N. and International Criminal Court Intensify Warnings Against Invading Rafah". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 12 February 2024. Retrieved 13 February 2024.
- ^ "ICC prosecutor 'concerned' by Rafah bombing". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 13 February 2024. Retrieved 13 February 2024.
- ^ Samuels, Ben. "U.S. Opposes Israeli Rafah Raid Without Plan for Displaced Gazans; EU Chief Diplomat Urges Aid Cut". Haaretz. Archived from the original on 19 March 2024. Retrieved 13 February 2024.
- ^ "Israel's Gallant says captives rescue operation 'turning point' in war". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 13 February 2024. Retrieved 13 February 2024.
- ^ "'Massacre': Dozens killed by Israeli fire in Gaza while collecting food aid". Al Jazeera. 29 February 2024. Archived from the original on 29 February 2024. Retrieved 29 February 2024.
- ^ "Middle East conflict live updates: 104 killed in Gaza City, officials say; Israel cites stampede at aid drop". Washington Post. 29 February 2024. Archived from the original on 1 March 2024. Retrieved 29 February 2024.
- ^ "مصادر فلسطينية: جيش الاحتلال ينسحب من مدينة حمد السكنية في خانيونس جنوب قطاع غزة – موقع قناة المنار – لبنان". Archived from the original on 13 March 2024. Retrieved 13 March 2024.
- ^ "Arab media reports: Hamas 'executed' local clan member in Gaza City". The Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 14 March 2024. Retrieved 18 March 2024.
- ^ "غزة الحدث الإخبارية | رداً على بيان". موقع نبض. Archived from the original on 10 May 2024. Retrieved 31 March 2024.
- ^ "Israel Gaza: US reports death of senior Hamas military leader Marwan Issa". BBC. 19 March 2024. Archived from the original on 18 March 2024. Retrieved 19 March 2024.
- ^ "Fighting Rages Around Two Gaza Hospitals as Pressure on Israel Rises". The New York Times. 28 March 2024. Archived from the original on 2 April 2024. Retrieved 2 April 2024.
- ^ "إسرائيل تغتال فائق المبحوح في غزة.. ما أبرز مهامه؟". التلفزيون العربي (in Arabic). 18 March 2024. Archived from the original on 1 April 2024. Retrieved 19 March 2024.
- ^ Gunter, Joel; Gritten, David (18 March 2024). "Israeli forces raid Gaza City's al-Shifa hospital". Archived from the original on 3 April 2024. Retrieved 19 March 2024.
- ^ Berger, Miriam; Loveluck, Louisa (19 March 2024). "Israeli forces raid Gaza City hospital; U.S. confirms death of top Hamas leader". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 20 March 2024.
- ^ "US says seeking information on reports of detained Al Jazeera reporter in Gaza". Reuters. 18 March 2024.
- ^ "Israeli forces storm Gaza's al-Shifa Hospital". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 4 April 2024. Retrieved 19 March 2024.
- ^ "Al Jazeera journalist freed after 12-hour arrest by Israeli forces in Gaza". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 4 April 2024. Retrieved 19 March 2024.
- ^ a b "Witnesses: IDF assaulted, detained Al-Jazeera journalist in hospital raid". Committee to Protect Journalists. 18 March 2024. Archived from the original on 10 May 2024. Retrieved 19 March 2024.
- ^ "IDF, Shin Bet name senior Hamas terrorists killed at Shifa". The Times of Israel. 30 March 2024. Retrieved 2 April 2024.
- ^ "Israeli Troops Withdraw From Shifa Hospital". TIME. 1 April 2024. Retrieved 3 April 2024.
- ^ "As Israel withdraws from raid on Shifa Hospital, accounts from military and witnesses differ wildly". AP News. 1 April 2024. Retrieved 2 April 2024.
- ^ Edwards, Christian; Yeung, Jessie (1 April 2024). "Israeli troops end Al-Shifa hospital raid, leaving behind bodies and trail of destruction". CNN. Retrieved 2 April 2024.
- ^ Kent, Lauren; Al-Za'anoun, Khader; Khadder, Kareem (23 March 2024). "At least 19 Palestinians killed by Israeli military while waiting for aid in Gaza – Gazan authorities". CNN. Retrieved 24 March 2024.
- ^ "7 WCK team members killed in Gaza". World Central Kitchen. 2 April 2024. Retrieved 4 April 2024.
- ^ "With famine looming, aid group halts food delivery in Gaza after Israeli strike kills 7 workers". Associated Press. 2 April 2024. Retrieved 4 April 2024.
- ^ "Gaza aid convoy strike: what happened and who were the victims?". The Guardian. 2 April 2024. Retrieved 4 April 2024.
- ^ "Four soldiers killed fighting in southern Gaza as war on Hamas hits six-month mark". Times of Israel. 7 April 2024. Retrieved 8 April 2024.
- ^ a b Emanuel Fabian (7 April 2024). "IDF withdraws ground troops from south Gaza, leaving just one brigade in whole enclave". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
- ^ Emanuel Fabian (7 April 2024). "IDF chief says withdrawal of troops from Gaza doesn't mean war is close to end". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
- ^ "Israeli strikes on southern Gaza city of Rafah kill 22, mostly children, as US advances aid package". Associated Press. 21 April 2024. Retrieved 26 April 2024.
- ^ a b c Cite error: The named reference
IDFkilled
was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ "Crossing shut after Hamas fires rockets, Israel says". BBC News. 5 May 2024. Retrieved 5 May 2024.
- ^ "Defense Ministry contractor dies after southern Gaza mortar attack". The Times of Israel. 15 May 2024.
- ^ "5 soldiers killed, 7 hurt in 'friendly fire' incident in northern Gaza's Jabaliya". The Times of Israel.
- ^ "Rafah latest: Israeli tanks in the heart of Rafah as 21 reported killed in latest strikes". BBC News. 28 May 2024.
- ^ "x.com". X (formerly Twitter).
- ^ "IDF rescues 4 hostages from 8 months' captivity in daytime operation in central Gaza". The Times of Israel. 8 June 2024.
- ^ "Israeli forces pull back after Gaza City attack, leaving dozens of bodies". LBC International. 12 July 2024. Retrieved 12 July 2024.
- ^ Fabian, Emanuel (6 June 2024). "IDF soldier killed by terrorists trying to infiltrate Israel from south Gaza". Times of Israel.
- ^ זיתון, יואב. "הותר לפרסום: גשש צה"ל, רס"ב זייד מזאריב, נהרג בחילופי האש הבוקר ליד כרם שלום". Ynet.
- ^ "Gazan terrorists attempt to infiltrate Israel, evading IDF security buffer before being spotted". The Jerusalem Post. 6 June 2024. Retrieved 7 June 2024.
- ^ "חללי ופצועי צה"ל במלחמה". 1 January 2024. Retrieved 2 June 2024.
- ^ "IDF: Nine Israeli soldiers killed Tuesday after anti-tank missile hits vehicle in northern Gaza". Haaretz. 1 November 2023. Archived from the original on 2 November 2023. Retrieved 9 December 2023.
- ^ "In deadliest incident of Gaza combat, 21 soldiers killed as buildings collapse in blast". The Times of Israel. 23 January 2024.
- ^ "2014 deaths". Ynet. Archived from the original on 15 October 2023. Retrieved 6 December 2023.
- ^ "Israel-Gaza war: Four soldiers killed in Kerem Shalom rocket attack". 23 August 2024.
- ^ "IDF Soldier Killed as Hamas Attempts Infiltration From Gaza". 23 August 2024.
- ^ "Hamas Toll Thus Far Falls Short of Israel's War Arms, U.S. Says". The Wall Street Journal. 21 January 2024.
- ^ "Hamas losses: Up to 60% of terror forces out of action - analysis". The Jerusalem Post. 22 January 2024. Retrieved 22 January 2024.
- ^ Dadon, Adva (15 July 2024). "IDF admits: Many tanks were damaged and disabled in the war, the existing scope of the force is insufficient". N12. Retrieved 15 July 2024.
- ^ "شاهد.. هجوم مقاتلي القسام على جنود الاحتلال في خيامهم في جحر الديك". 11 August 2024.
- ^ Uras, Umut; Alsaafin, Linah (10 March 2024). "Israel's war on Gaza live: At least 15 women, children killed in attacks - Gaza death toll crosses 31,000". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 10 March 2024.
- ^ Nichols, Michelle (23 November 2023). "Gaza 'most dangerous place in the world to be a child' – UNICEF". Reuters. Archived from the original on 4 December 2023. Retrieved 6 December 2023.
- ^ "العدوان الإسرائيلي Video appears to show an Israeli tank firing at a car in Gaza". NBC. 30 October 2023. Archived from the original on 15 November 2023. Retrieved 4 December 2023.
- ^ ElSayed, Youmna. "Israeli forces fire on civilian vehicles evacuating Gaza City". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 30 October 2023. Retrieved 30 October 2023.
- ^ "Video likely shows Gaza civilians shot by Hamas as they were trying to evacuate to safety". Ynetnews. 4 November 2023. Archived from the original on 9 November 2023. Retrieved 11 November 2023.
- ^ Borger, Julian (9 December 2023). "Civilians make up 61% of Gaza deaths from airstrikes, Israeli study finds". The Guardian. Jerusalem. Retrieved 27 February 2024.
- ^ "IDF officials: 15,000 likely killed in Gaza since start of war, 5,000 of them are Hamas". Times of Israel.
- ^ @AgnesCallamard (23 November 2023). "This brutal annihilation of an entire populations health system stretches beyond what humanitarian aid can fix. Doctors can't stop bombs" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
- ^ "Red Cross Chief Arrives In Gaza, Calls For Political Solution". Barron's. Agence France-Presse. Retrieved 5 December 2023.
- ^ "Israeli forces battle Palestinian militants in south Gaza". France 24. 10 December 2023. Retrieved 10 December 2023.
- ^ Prothero, Mitchell (25 January 2024). "Israeli Intelligence Has Deemed Hamas-Run Health Ministry's Death Toll Figures Generally Accurate". Vice News. Archived from the original on 3 March 2024.
- ^ Huynh, Benjamin Q.; Chin, Elizabeth T.; Spiegel, Paul B. (6 December 2023). "No evidence of inflated mortality reporting from the Gaza Ministry of Health". The Lancet. 403 (10421): 23–24. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(23)02713-7. PMID 38070526.
- ^ "'No place safe for children in Gaza': UNICEF". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 12 November 2023.
- ^ Kekatos, Mary. "Why women, children are disproportionately impacted by the conflict in Gaza: Experts". ABC News. Archived from the original on 18 November 2023. Retrieved 19 November 2023.
- ^ UNICEF [@UNICEF] (13 November 2023). "In Gaza, more than 700,000 children have been displaced - forced to leave everything behind. As humanitarian needs grow, UNICEF calls for an immediate humanitarian ceasefire, for sustained and unimpeded access to provide assistance and safe release of all abducted children" (Tweet). Archived from the original on 14 November 2023. Retrieved 13 November 2023 – via Twitter.
- ^ "PRCS tries to 'alleviate suffering of displaced children'". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 12 November 2023.
- ^ "First Person: UNICEF chief in Gaza visit, bears witness to grave violations against children". UN News. United Nations. 15 November 2023. Archived from the original on 15 November 2023. Retrieved 15 November 2023.
- ^ "Overcrowding at hospitals grows as more move south". Al Jazeera. 16 November 2023. Archived from the original on 3 March 2024. Retrieved 16 November 2023.
- ^ Keller-Lynn, Carrie (29 October 2023). "Gallant: Second stage of war may last months, 'pockets of resistance' will remain". The Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 30 October 2023. Retrieved 31 October 2023.
- ^ "Has Israel invaded Gaza? The military has been vague, even if its objectives are clear". Associated Press. 31 October 2023. Archived from the original on 1 November 2023. Retrieved 2 November 2023.
- ^ Irwin, Lauren (27 October 2023). "US pressuring Israel to avoid major ground offensive: Washington Post". The Hill. Archived from the original on 31 October 2023. Retrieved 31 October 2023.
- ^ Sengupta, Kim (1 November 2023). "More than 20,000 Israeli troops engaged in fierce fighting with Hamas 'deep inside' Gaza". The Independent. Archived from the original on 1 November 2023. Retrieved 31 October 2023.
- ^ Holmes, Oliver (7 November 2023). "Netanyahu says Israel will have 'overall security responsibility' in Gaza after war". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 7 November 2023. Retrieved 7 November 2023.
- ^ "'Hamas Cannot Govern Gaza:' EU Chief Presents Roadmap for After Israel-Hamas War". Haaretz. Archived from the original on 6 November 2023. Retrieved 7 November 2023.
- ^ Shotter, James; Schwartz, Felicia (4 November 2023). "US shifts focus on Gaza to what follows an end to the war". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 8 November 2023. Retrieved 7 November 2023.
- ^ "Benjamin Netanyahu rules out return of Palestinian Authority in Gaza". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 12 November 2023. Retrieved 12 November 2023.
- ^ "'We're Rolling Out Nakba 2023,' Israeli Minister Says on Northern Gaza Strip Evacuation". Haaretz.
- ^ Berti, B.; Gutiérrez, B. (2016). "Rebel-to-political and back? Hamas as a security provider in Gaza between rebellion, politics and governance". Democratization. 23 (6): 2. doi:10.1080/13510347.2016.1170008.
- ^ Malsin, Jared; Said, Summer (15 May 2024). "Hamas Shift to Guerrilla Tactics Raises Specter of Forever War for Israel". The Wall Street Journal.
- ^ a b "Gaza's Underground: Hamas's Entire Politico-Military Strategy Rests on Its Tunnels". Modern War Institute at West Point. 18 January 2024. Retrieved 30 March 2024. Cite error: The named reference "underground" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
- ^ "Focus on Strategy, Not Tactics in the Israel-Hamas War". The Atlantic. 1 November 2023. Retrieved 30 March 2024.
- ^ "How Hamas aims to trap Israel in Gaza quagmire". Reuters. 4 November 2023. Retrieved 30 March 2024.
- ^ The Times of Israel. 23 August 2024 https://www.timesofisrael.com/lt-col-salman-habaka-33-responded-to-hamas-assault-fell-in-gaza/amp/.
{{cite web}}
: Missing or empty|title=
(help) - ^ . 23 August 2024 https://www.israelhayom.com/2023/12/13/ambushes-and-fears-of-kidnapping-details-of-the-deadly-battle-in-shejaiya/.
{{cite web}}
: Missing or empty|title=
(help) - ^ The Times of Israel. 23 August 2024 https://www.timesofisrael.com/idf-says-reservist-commando-officer-killed-in-gaza-raising-ground-op-toll-to-224/.
{{cite web}}
: Missing or empty|title=
(help) - ^ Kottasová, Ivana; Alkhaldi, Celine (15 December 2023). "Videos show Israeli soldiers in Gaza burning food, vandalizing a shop and ransacking private homes". CNN. Retrieved 31 December 2023.
- ^ "Amid ongoing genocide in Gaza, systematic Israeli theft occurring in Palestinian civilian homes". ReliefWeb. Euro-Med Monitor. 31 December 2023. Retrieved 31 December 2023.
- ^ "Shock, outrage expressed by Euro-Med Monitor over Israel's ongoing mutilation and filming of dead Palestinian bodies". Euro-Med Human Rights Monitor. Retrieved 31 December 2023.
- ^ @CAIRNational (29 December 2023). "In a leaked video call, an #Israeli soldier nonchalantly says, 'maybe I killed a girl, she was 12, but I'm looking for a baby.' #Gaza #GenocideinPalestine #ceasefireNowPermanently" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
- ^ "Palestinian officials denounce kidnapping of baby girl from Gaza". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 2 January 2024.
- ^ "'A little BBQ is great fun': Israeli soldier brags about burning Gaza homes on TikTok". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 25 February 2024.
- ^ "Saudi Arabia warns of 'dangerous repercussions' of attacking Rafah". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 11 February 2024.
- ^ Maupas, Stéphanie (1 January 2024). "Israel-Hamas war: South Africa brings 'genocide' case before international courts". Le Monde.fr. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
- ^ The request for provisional measures is made under Article 74 of the Rules of the Court, which states that "A request for the indication of provisional measures shall have priority over all other cases."
- ^ Palumbo, Daniele; Abutaleb, Abdelrahman; Cusiac, Paul; Rivault, Erwan (30 January 2024). "At least half of Gaza's buildings damaged or destroyed, new analysis shows". BBC News. Archived from the original on 31 January 2024. Retrieved 1 February 2024.
- ^ "Report on the Impact of the Recent War in 2023 on the Cultural Heritage in Gaza Strip – Palestine" (PDF). Heritage for Peace. Retrieved 8 December 2023.
- ^ a b Veltman, Chloe (3 December 2023). "More than 100 Gaza heritage sites have been damaged or destroyed by Israeli attacks". NPR.
- ^ a b admin (24 January 2024). "Israeli Forces Display Stolen Gaza Artifacts in Knesset – Reports". Palestine Chronicle. Retrieved 22 March 2024.
- ^ "Outrage after Israel destroys Gaza's largest, oldest mosque". The New Arab. 8 December 2023.
- ^ Osman, Nadda (7 December 2023). "Israel-Palestine war: Israeli forces destroy central archive of Gaza city". Middle East Eye. Retrieved 8 December 2023.
- ^ "Israeli Airstrikes Destroys Ancient Mosque in Gaza City". Palestine Chronicle. 7 December 2023.
- ^ "Israel/OPT: 'Nowhere safe in Gaza': Unlawful Israeli strikes illustrate callous disregard for Palestinian lives". Amnesty International. 20 November 2023. Retrieved 8 December 2023.
- ^ Pollock, Laura (18 January 2024). "Israel destroys last university in Gaza as strikes continue". The National Scotland. Retrieved 20 January 2024.
- ^ "Israeli soldiers boast about looting from Gaza". Al Jazeera. 14 February 2024. Retrieved 22 March 2024.
- ^ Bajec, Alessandra (18 January 2024). "How looting by Israeli soldiers in Gaza is widespread". The NewArab. Retrieved 22 March 2024.
- ^ a b c d Español, Marc (29 January 2024). "The Egyptians who have sent more than 130,000 digital cell phone cards to Gaza to defy blackouts". EL PAÍS English. Retrieved 20 March 2024.
- ^ Aly, Rasha (17 December 2023). "Palestinians in Gaza using eSim cards to get around communications blackout". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 19 March 2024.
- ^ Vo, Lam Thuy (7 November 2023). "'Let Me Tell Them Goodbye Before They Get Killed': How eSIM Cards Are Connecting Palestinian Families – The Markup". themarkup.org. Retrieved 19 March 2024.
- ^ Elassar, Alaa; Tucker, Emma (3 December 2023). "When Gaza lost phone and internet under Israeli attack, this activist found a way to get Palestinians back online". CNN. Retrieved 19 March 2024.
- ^ Koettl, Christoph (14 December 2023). "Satellite Imagery and Video Shows Some Gazan Cemeteries Razed by Israeli Forces". The New York Times. Retrieved 2 November 2023.
- ^ "Important Gaza archaeological site mostly destroyed: Research group". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 20 December 2023.
- ^ Motamedi, Maziar (15 October 2023). "Iran warns Israel of regional escalation if Gaza ground offensive launched". Al Jazeera English. Archived from the original on 15 October 2023. Retrieved 2 November 2023.
- ^ Scott Pelley (15 October 2023). "President Joe Biden: The 2023 60 Minutes interview transcript – CBS News". www.cbsnews.com. Retrieved 26 December 2023.
- ^ "US seeks delay of Israeli ground incursion for more time for hostage talks". CNN. 22 October 2023. Archived from the original on 2 November 2023. Retrieved 5 November 2023.
- ^ "Gaza ground war could be 'Mogadishu on steroids,' says former US General Petraeus". Politico. 19 October 2023. Archived from the original on 31 October 2023. Retrieved 5 November 2023.
- ^ "'Massive' Israel ground op in Gaza would be 'an error': Macron". France 24. 25 October 2023. Archived from the original on 1 November 2023. Retrieved 5 November 2023.
- ^ "Egyptian concerns over Israel pushing Palestinians across the border". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 8 February 2024.
- ^ Kelly, Kate; Nereim, Vivian; Mazzetti, Mark; Wong, Edward (27 October 2023). "Saudi Arabia Warns U.S.: Israeli Invasion of Gaza Could Be Catastrophic". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 1 November 2023. Retrieved 2 November 2023.
- ^ "Israelis feel abandoned by Netanyahu after October". Vox. 21 October 2023. Archived from the original on 22 October 2023. Retrieved 24 October 2023.
- ^ "Poll: 80% of Israelis say Netanyahu must publicly take responsibility for Oct. 7 failures". Times of Israel. 20 October 2023. Archived from the original on 23 October 2023. Retrieved 24 October 2023.
- ^ "Israelis hesitant over Gaza ground invasion amid hostage fears, poll shows". The Guardian. 27 October 2023. Archived from the original on 3 November 2023. Retrieved 5 November 2023.
- ^ "Majority of Israelis oppose annexation, resettlement of Gaza – poll". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 18 December 2023.
- ^ "Netanyahu meets Israeli hostages' families anxious over Gaza war plans". BBC News. 28 October 2023. Archived from the original on 5 November 2023. Retrieved 5 November 2023.
- ^ "'Anyone who intends to invade Rafah intends to commit a war crime': Ahmad Tibi". Al Jazeera. 12 February 2024. Retrieved 13 February 2024.
- ^ "'Enemy who kills without a reason': Displaced man mourns brother killed by Israeli sniper". Al Jazeera. 28 January 2024. Retrieved 29 January 2024.
- ^ "Uprooted and constantly on the move, Palestinians feel 'forgotten'". Al Jazeera. 1 February 2024. Retrieved 2 February 2024.
- ^ "'Shooting must stop so we can find a place to live'". Al Jazeera. 2 February 2024. Retrieved 4 February 2024.
- ^ "Attack on Rafah will lead to 'unprecedented massacres'". Al Jazeera. 6 February 2024. Retrieved 8 February 2024.
- ^ "Palestinians in Gaza fear permanent displacement". Al Jazeera. 8 February 2024. Retrieved 10 February 2024.
- ^ "PA President Abbas says Israel planning to force Palestinians out of Gaza with Rafah plan". Al Jazeera. 9 February 2024. Retrieved 11 February 2024.
- ^ "Israel's primary objective is to destroy 'all of Palestine': Activist". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 15 February 2024.
- ^ "UN chief warns Israeli assault on Rafah would have 'untold' consequences". Al Jazeera. 7 February 2024. Retrieved 8 February 2024.
- ^ "UN General Assembly President 'dismayed' by plan for Israeli assault on Rafah". Al Jazeera. 9 February 2024. Retrieved 10 February 2024.
- ^ "Civilians in Gaza moved around like chess pieces, says Save the Children country director". Al Jazeera. 8 February 2024. Retrieved 9 February 2024.
- ^ "'Zone of bloodshed': NGO warns against Israeli ground attack on Rafah". Al Jazeera. 8 February 2024. Retrieved 9 February 2024.
- ^ "Human Rights Watch says Rafah evacuation would have 'catastrophic' consequences". Al Jazeera. 9 February 2024. Retrieved 10 February 2024.
- ^ "Gaza rights group says 'time is running out' to stop Rafah incursion". Al Jazeera. 9 February 2024. Retrieved 11 February 2024.
- ^ "Former US president's non-profit joins calls for Israel to abort Rafah assault". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 11 February 2024.
- ^ "Civilians in Rafah must be protected: UNICEF chief". Al Jazeera. 11 February 2024. Retrieved 12 February 2024.
- Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip
- Gaza Strip in the Israel–Hamas war
- Attacks in Asia in 2023
- Attacks in Asia in 2024
- Battles during the Israel–Hamas war
- Gaza–Israel conflict
- Battles in 2023
- 2023 in the Gaza Strip
- Battles in 2024
- 2024 in the Gaza Strip
- Hostage rescue operations of the Israel–Hamas war
- Military operations of the Israel–Hamas war
- Cross-border operations of Israel
- Invasions by Israel