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Ṅa (Indic)

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Ṅa
Ṅa
Example glyphs
Bengali–AssameseṄa
TibetanṄa
TamilṄa
Thai
Malayalam
Sinhala
Ashoka BrahmiṄa
DevanagariṄa
Cognates
Hebrewנ ,ן
GreekΝ
LatinN
CyrillicН
Properties
Phonemic representation/ŋ/
IAST transliterationnga Nga
ISCII code pointB7 (183)

Ṅa is the fifth consonant of Indic abugidas. In modern Indic scripts, It is derived from the early "Ashoka" Brahmi letter ng after having gone through the Gupta letter .

Āryabhaṭa numeration

[edit]

Aryabhata used Devanagari letters for numbers, very similar to the Greek numerals, even after the invention of Indian numerals. The values of the different forms of ङ are:[1]

  • [ŋə] = 5 (५)
  • ङि [ŋɪ] = 500 (५००)
  • ङु [ŋʊ] = 50,000 (५० ०००)
  • ङृ [ŋri] = 5,000,000 (५० ०० ०००)
  • ङॢ [ŋlə] = 5×108 (५०)
  • ङे [ŋe] = 5×1010 (५०१०)
  • ङै [ŋɛː] = 5×1012 (५०१२)
  • ङो [ŋoː] = 5×1014 (५०१४)
  • ङौ [ŋɔː] = 5×1016 (५०१६)

Historic Nga

[edit]

There are three different general early historic scripts - Brahmi and its variants, Kharoṣṭhī, and Tocharian, the so-called slanting Brahmi. Nga as found in standard Brahmi, Nga was a simple geometric shape, with variations toward more flowing forms by the Gupta Nga. The Tocharian Nga Nga did not have an alternate Fremdzeichen form. Unlike the other early Brahmic scripts, Kharoṣṭhī did not have a letter Nga.

Brahmi Nga

[edit]

The Brahmi letter Nga, Nga, is probably derived from the altered Aramaic Nun , and is thus related to the modern Latin N and Greek Nu (letter). Several identifiable styles of writing the Brahmi Nga can be found, most associated with a specific set of inscriptions from an artifact or diverse records from an historic period.[2] As the earliest and most geometric style of Brahmi, the letters found on the Edicts of Ashoka and other records from around that time are normally the reference form for Brahmi letters, with vowel marks not attested until later forms of Brahmi back-formed to match the geometric writing style.

Brahmi Nga historic forms
Ashoka
(3rd-1st c. BCE)
Girnar
(~150 BCE)
Kushana
(~150-250 CE)
Gujarat
(~250 CE)
Gupta
(~350 CE)
No sample

Tocharian Nga

[edit]

The Tocharian letter Nga is derived from the Brahmi Nga, but does not have an alternate Fremdzeichen form.

Tocharian Nga with vowel marks
Nga Ngā Ngi Ngī Ngu Ngū Ngr Ngr̄ Nge Ngai Ngo Ngau Ngä

Devanagari script

[edit]

Ṅa () is the fifth consonant of the Devanagari abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter ka, after having gone through the Gupta letter . Letters that derive from it are the Gujarati letter ઙ and the Modi letter 𑘒.

Devanagari-using Languages

[edit]

In all languages, ङ is pronounced as [ŋə] or [ŋ] when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Devanagari uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:

Devanagari ङ with vowel marks
Ṅa Ṅā Ṅi Ṅī Ṅu Ṅū Ṅr Ṅr̄ Ṅl Ṅl̄ Ṅe Ṅai Ṅo Ṅau
ङा ङि ङी ङु ङू ङृ ङॄ ङॢ ङॣ ङे ङै ङो ङौ ङ्

Conjuncts with ङ

[edit]

Devanagari exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts. In modern Devanagari texts, most conjuncts are formed by reducing the letter shape to fit tightly to the following letter, usually by dropping a character's vertical stem, sometimes referred to as a "half form". Some conjunct clusters are always represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters. Vertically stacked conjuncts are ubiquitous in older texts, while only a few are still used routinely in modern Devanagari texts. Lacking a vertical stem to drop for making a half form, Ṅa either forms a stacked conjunct/ligature, or uses its full form with Virama. The use of ligatures and vertical conjuncts may vary across languages using the Devanagari script, with Marathi in particular avoiding their use where texts in other languages would use them.[3]

Ligature conjuncts of ङ

[edit]

True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Devanagari are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include Na and the Repha and Rakar forms of Ra. Nepali and Marathi texts use the "eyelash" Ra half form Ra for an initial "R" instead of repha.

  • Repha र্ (r) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature rŋa: note

  • Eyelash र্ (r) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature rŋa:

  • ङ্ (ŋ) + rakar र (ra) gives the ligature ŋra:

  • ङ্ (ŋ) + य (ya) gives the ligature ŋya:

Stacked conjuncts of ङ

[edit]

Vertically stacked ligatures are the most common conjunct forms found in Devanagari text. Although the constituent characters may need to be stretched and moved slightly in order to stack neatly, stacked conjuncts can be broken down into recognizable base letters, or a letter and an otherwise standard ligature.

  • भ্ (bʰ) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature bʰŋa:

  • ब্ (b) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature bŋa:

  • छ্ (cʰ) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature cʰŋa:

  • च্ (c) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature cŋa:

  • ढ্ (ḍʱ) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature ḍʱŋa:

  • ड্ (ḍ) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature ḍŋa:

  • ध্ (dʱ) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature dʱŋa:

  • द্ (d) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature dŋa:

  • घ্ (ɡʱ) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature ɡʱŋa:

  • झ্ (jʰ) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature jʰŋa:

  • ज্ (j) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature jŋa:

  • ख্ (kʰ) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature kʰŋa:

  • क্ (k) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature kŋa:

  • ळ্ (ḷ) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature ḷŋa:

  • म্ (m) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature mŋa:

  • ङ্ (ŋ) + ब (ba) gives the ligature ŋba:

  • ङ্ (ŋ) + भ (bʰa) gives the ligature ŋbʰa:

  • ङ্ (ŋ) + च (ca) gives the ligature ŋca:

  • ङ্ (ŋ) + छ (cʰa) gives the ligature ŋcʰa:

  • ङ্ (ŋ) + द (da) gives the ligature ŋda:

  • ङ্ (ŋ) + ड (ḍa) gives the ligature ŋḍa:

  • ङ্ (ŋ) + ढ (ḍʱa) gives the ligature ŋḍʱa:

  • ङ্ (ŋ) + ध (dʱa) gives the ligature ŋdʱa:

  • ङ্ (ŋ) + ग (ga) gives the ligature ŋga:

  • ङ্ (ŋ) + घ (ɡʱa) gives the ligature ŋɡʱa:

  • ङ্ (ŋ) + ह (ha) gives the ligature ŋha:

  • ङ্ (ŋ) + ज (ja) gives the ligature ŋja:

  • ङ্ (ŋ) + झ (jʰa) gives the ligature ŋjʰa:

  • ङ্ (ŋ) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature ŋjña:

  • ङ্ (ŋ) + क (ka) gives the ligature ŋka:

  • ङ্ (ŋ) + ख (kʰa) gives the ligature ŋkʰa:

  • ङ্ (ŋ) + क্ (k) + rakar र (ra) gives the ligature ŋkra:

  • ङ্ (ŋ) + क্ (k) + ष (ṣa) gives the ligature ŋkṣa:

  • ङ্ (ŋ) + क্ (k) + ष্ (ṣ) + य (ya) gives the ligature ŋkṣya:

  • ङ্ (ŋ) + क্ (k) + त (ta) gives the ligature ŋkta:

  • ङ্ (ŋ) + ल (la) gives the ligature ŋla:

  • ङ্ (ŋ) + ळ (ḷa) gives the ligature ŋḷa:

  • ङ্ (ŋ) + म (ma) gives the ligature ŋma:

  • ङ্ (ŋ) + न (na) gives the ligature ŋna:

  • ङ্ (ŋ) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature ŋŋa:

  • ङ্ (ŋ) + ण (ṇa) gives the ligature ŋṇa:

  • ङ্ (ŋ) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature ŋña:

  • ङ্ (ŋ) + प (pa) gives the ligature ŋpa:

  • ङ্ (ŋ) + फ (pʰa) gives the ligature ŋpʰa:

  • ङ্ (ŋ) + स (sa) gives the ligature ŋsa:

  • ङ্ (ŋ) + श (ʃa) gives the ligature ŋʃa:

  • ङ্ (ŋ) + ष (ṣa) gives the ligature ŋṣa:

  • ङ্ (ŋ) + त (ta) gives the ligature ŋta:

  • ङ্ (ŋ) + थ (tʰa) gives the ligature ŋtʰa:

  • ङ্ (ŋ) + ट (ṭa) gives the ligature ŋṭa:

  • ङ্ (ŋ) + ठ (ṭʰa) gives the ligature ŋṭʰa:

  • ङ্ (ŋ) + व (va) gives the ligature ŋva:

  • फ্ (pʰ) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature pʰŋa:

  • प্ (p) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature pŋa:

  • Repha र্ (r) + ङ্ (ŋ) + ग (ga) gives the ligature rŋga:

  • ष্ (ṣ) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature ṣŋa:

  • थ্ (tʰ) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature tʰŋa:

  • ठ্ (ṭʰ) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature ṭʰŋa:

  • ट্ (ṭ) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature ṭŋa:

  • व্ (v) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature vŋa:

  • य্ (y) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature yŋa:

Bengali script

[edit]

The Bengali script ঙ is derived from the Siddhaṃ , and has no horizontal head line, and a less geometric shape than its Devanagari counterpart, ङ. The inherent vowel of Bengali consonant letters is /ɔ/, so the bare letter ঙ will sometimes be transliterated as "ngo" instead of "nga". Adding okar, the "o" vowel mark, gives a reading of /ŋo/. Like all Indic consonants, ঙ can be modified by marks to indicate another (or no) vowel than its inherent "a".

Bengali ঙ with vowel marks
nga ngā ngi ngī ngu ngū ngr ngr̄ nge ngai ngo ngau ng
ঙা ঙি ঙী ঙু ঙূ ঙৃ ঙৄ ঙে ঙৈ ঙো ঙৌ ঙ্

ঙ in Bengali-using languages

[edit]

ঙ is used as a basic consonant character in all of the major Bengali script orthographies, including Bengali and Assamese.

Conjuncts with ঙ

[edit]

Bengali ঙ exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts, with both stacked and unstacked ligatures being common.[4]

  • ঙ্ (ŋ) + গ (ga) gives the ligature ŋga:

  • ঙ্ (ŋ) + ঘ (ɡʱa) gives the ligature ŋɡʱa:

  • ঙ্ (ŋ) + ঘ্ (ɡʱ) + র (ra) gives the ligature ŋɡʱra, with the ra phala suffix:

  • ঙ্ (ŋ) + ঘ্ (ɡʱ) + য (ya) gives the ligature ŋɡʱya, with the ya phala suffix:

  • ঙ্ (ŋ) + গ্ (g) + য (ya) gives the ligature ŋgya, with the ya phala suffix:

  • ঙ্ (ŋ) + ক (ka) gives the ligature ŋka:

  • ঙ্ (ŋ) + খ (kʰa) gives the ligature ŋkʰa:

  • ঙ্ (ŋ) + ক্ (k) + র (ra) gives the ligature ŋkra, with the ra phala suffix:

  • ঙ্ (ŋ) + ক্ (k) + শ (ʃa) gives the ligature ŋkʃa:

  • ঙ্ (ŋ) + ক্ (k) + য (ya) gives the ligature ŋkya, with the ya phala suffix:

  • ঙ্ (ŋ) + ম (ma) gives the ligature ŋma:

Gujarati Ṅa

[edit]
Gujarati Ṅa.

Ṅa () is the fifth consonant of the Gujarati abugida. It is derived from the 16th century Devanagari Ṅa Nga with the top bar (shirorekha) removed, and ultimately from the Brahmi letter Nga.

Gujarati-using Languages

[edit]

The Gujarati script is used to write the Gujarati and Kutchi languages. In both languages, ઙ is pronounced as [ŋə] or [ŋ] when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Gujarati uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:

Ṅa Ṅā Ṅi Ṅī Ṅu Ṅū Ṅr Ṅl Ṅr̄ Ṅl̄ Ṅĕ Ṅe Ṅai Ṅŏ Ṅo Ṅau
Gujarati Ṅa syllables, with vowel marks in red.

Conjuncts with ઙ

[edit]

Gujarati ઙ exhibits conjunct ligatures, much like its parent Devanagari Script. While most Gujarati conjuncts can only be formed by reducing the letter shape to create a "half form" that fits tightly to following letter, Ṅa does not have a half form. A few conjunct clusters can be represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters, and vertically stacked conjuncts can also be found in Gujarati, although much less commonly than in Devanagari. Lacking a half form, Ṅa will normally use an explicit virama when forming conjuncts without a true ligature. True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Gujarati are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include Na and the Repha and Rakar forms of Ra.

  • ર્ (r) + ઙ (ŋa) gives the ligature RṄa:

  • ઙ્ (ŋ) + ર (ra) gives the ligature ṄRa:

  • ઙ્ (ŋ) + ક (ka) gives the ligature ṄKa:

  • ઙ્ (ŋ) + ક (ka) ષ (ʂa) gives the ligature ṄKṢa:

Gurmukhi script

[edit]

Ṅaṅā [ŋɑŋːɑ̃] () is the tenth letter of the Gurmukhi alphabet. Its name is [ŋɑŋːɑ̃] and is pronounced as /ŋ/ when used in words. It is derived from the Laṇḍā letter ṅa, and ultimately from the Brahmi ṅa. Gurmukhi ṅaṅā does not have a special pairin or addha (reduced) form for making conjuncts, and in modern Punjabi texts do not take a half form or halant to indicate the bare consonant /ŋ/, although Gurmukhi Sanskrit texts may use an explicit halant. Ṅaṅā is rarely used. It cannot begin a syllable or be placed between two consonants, and occurs most often as an allophone of /n/ before specific consonant phonemes.

Burmese script

[edit]

Nga() is the fifth letter of the Burmese script.

Thai script

[edit]

Ngo ngu () is the seventh letter of the Thai script. It falls under the low class of Thai consonants. In IPA, ngo ngu is pronounced as [ŋ] at the beginning of a syllable and at the end of a syllable. Unlike many Indic scripts, Thai consonants do not form conjunct ligatures, and use the pinthuan explicit virama with a dot shape—to indicate bare consonants. In the acrophony of the Thai script, ngu (งู) means ‘snake’. Ngo ngu corresponds to the Sanskrit character ‘ङ’.

Javanese script

[edit]

Telugu Ṅa

[edit]
Telugu Ṅa
Telugu subjoined Ṅa
Telugu independent and subjoined Ṅa.

Ṅa () is a consonant of the Telugu abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter Ṅ. It is closely related to the Kannada letter . Since it lacks the v-shaped headstroke common to most Telugu letters, ఙ remains unaltered by most vowel matras, and its subjoined form is simply a smaller version of the normal letter shape. Telugu conjuncts are created by reducing trailing letters to a subjoined form that appears below the initial consonant of the conjunct. Many subjoined forms are created by dropping their headline, with many extending the end of the stroke of the main letter body to form an extended tail reaching up to the right of the preceding consonant. This subjoining of trailing letters to create conjuncts is in contrast to the leading half forms of Devanagari and Bengali letters. Ligature conjuncts are not a feature in Telugu, with the only non-standard construction being an alternate subjoined form of Ṣa (borrowed from Kannada) in the KṢa conjunct.

Malayalam Ṅa

[edit]
Malayalam letter Ṅa

Ṅa () is a consonant of the Malayalam abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter Ṅ, via the Grantha letter Ṅa Nga. Like in other Indic scripts, Malayalam consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

Malayalam Nga matras: Nga, Ngā, Ngi, Ngī, Ngu, Ngū, Ngr̥, Ngr̥̄, Ngl̥, Ngl̥̄, Nge, Ngē, Ngai, Ngo, Ngō, Ngau, and Ng.

Conjuncts of ങ

[edit]

As is common in Indic scripts, Malayalam joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. There are several ways in which conjuncts are formed in Malayalam texts: using a post-base form of a trailing consonant placed under the initial consonant of a conjunct, a combined ligature of two or more consonants joined together, a conjoining form that appears as a combining mark on the rest of the conjunct, the use of an explicit candrakkala mark to suppress the inherent "a" vowel, or a special consonant form called a "chillu" letter, representing a bare consonant without the inherent "a" vowel. Texts written with the modern reformed Malayalam orthography, put̪iya lipi, may favor more regular conjunct forms than older texts in paḻaya lipi, due to changes undertaken in the 1970s by the Government of Kerala.

  • ങ് (ŋ) + ക (ka) gives the ligature ŋka:

  • ങ് (ŋ) + ങ (ŋa) gives the ligature ŋŋa:

Odia Ṅa

[edit]
Odia independent letter Ṅa
Odia subjoined letter Ṅa
Odia independent and subjoined letter Ṅa.

Ṅa () is a consonant of the Odia abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter Ṅ, via the Siddhaṃ letter Ṅa Nga. Like in other Indic scripts, Odia consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

Odia Nga with vowel matras
Ṅa Ṅā Ṅi Ṅī Ṅu Ṅū Ṅr̥ Ṅr̥̄ Ṅl̥ Ṅl̥̄ Ṅe Ṅai Ṅo Ṅau
ଙା ଙି ଙୀ ଙୁ ଙୂ ଙୃ ଙୄ ଙୢ ଙୣ ଙେ ଙୈ ଙୋ ଙୌ ଙ୍

Conjuncts of ଙ

[edit]

As is common in Indic scripts, Odia joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a small subjoined form of trailing consonants. Most consonants' subjoined forms are identical to the full form, just reduced in size, although a few drop the curved headline or have a subjoined form not directly related to the full form of the consonant. The second type of conjunct formation is through pure ligatures, where the constituent consonants are written together in a single graphic form. This ligature may be recognizable as being a combination of two characters or it can have a conjunct ligature unrelated to its constituent characters.

  • ଙ୍ (ŋ) + କ (ka) gives the ligature ŋka:

  • ଙ୍ (ŋ) + ଖ (kʰa) gives the ligature ŋkʰa:

  • ଙ୍ (ŋ) + ଗ (ga) gives the ligature ŋga:

  • ଙ୍ (ŋ) + ଘ (ɡʱa) gives the ligature ŋɡʱa:

  • ର୍ (r) + ଙ (ŋa) gives the ligature rŋa:

  • ଙ୍ (ŋ) + ର (ra) gives the ligature ŋra:

Kaithi Ṅa

[edit]
Kaithi consonant Ṅa
Kaithi consonant Ṅa.

Ṅa (𑂑) is a consonant of the Kaithi abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter Ṅ, via the Siddhaṃ letter Ṅa Nga. Like in other Indic scripts, Kaithi consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

Kaithi Nga with vowel matras
Nga Ngā Ngi Ngī Ngu Ngū Nge Ngai Ngo Ngau Ng
𑂑 𑂑𑂰 𑂑𑂱 𑂑𑂲 𑂑𑂳 𑂑𑂴 𑂑𑂵 𑂑𑂶 𑂑𑂷 𑂑𑂸 𑂑𑂹

Conjuncts of 𑂑

[edit]

As is common in Indic scripts, Kaithi joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a half form of preceding consonants, although several consonants use an explicit virama. Most half forms are derived from the full form by removing the vertical stem. As is common in most Indic scripts, conjucts of ra are indicated with a repha or rakar mark attached to the rest of the consonant cluster. In addition, there are a few vertical conjuncts that can be found in Kaithi writing, but true ligatures are not used in the modern Kaithi script.

  • 𑂩୍ (r) + 𑂑 (ŋa) gives the ligature rŋa:

Comparison of Ṅa

[edit]

The various Indic scripts are generally related to each other through adaptation and borrowing, and as such the glyphs for cognate letters, including Ṅa, are related as well.

Comparison of Ṅa in different scripts
Aramaic
Ṅa
Kharoṣṭhī
-
Ashoka Brahmi
Ṅa
Kushana Brahmi[a]
Ṅa
Tocharian[b]
Ṅa
Gupta Brahmi
Ṅa
Pallava
Ṅa
Kadamba
-
Bhaiksuki
𑰒
Siddhaṃ
Ṅa
Grantha
𑌙
Cham
Sinhala
Pyu /
Old Mon[c]
-
Tibetan
Ṅa
Newa
𑐒
Ahom
𑜂
Malayalam
Telugu
Burmese
Lepcha
Ranjana
Ṅa
Saurashtra
Dives Akuru
𑤐
Kannada
Kayah Li
Limbu
Soyombo[d]
𑩠
Khmer
Tamil
Ṅa
Chakma
𑄋
Tai Tham
Meitei Mayek
Gaudi
-
Thai
Lao
Tai Le
Marchen
𑱵
Tirhuta
𑒓
New Tai Lue
ᦇ / ᦄ
Tai Viet
ꪉ / ꪈ
Aksara Kawi
Ṅa
'Phags-pa
Odia
Sharada
𑆕
Rejang
Batak
Buginese
Zanabazar Square
𑨏
Bengali-Assamese
Ṅa
Takri
𑚎
Javanese
Balinese
Makasar
𑻢
Hangul[e]
-
Northern Nagari
-
Dogri
𑠎
Laṇḍā
-
Sundanese
Baybayin
Modi
𑘒
Gujarati
Khojki
𑈍
Khudabadi
𑊿
Mahajani
-
Tagbanwa
Devanagari
Ṅa
Nandinagari
𑦲
Kaithi
Ṅa
Gurmukhi
Multani
-
Buhid
Canadian Syllabics[f]
-
Soyombo[g]
𑩠
Sylheti Nagari
-
Gunjala Gondi
𑶄
Masaram Gondi[h]
𑴐
Hanuno'o
Notes
  1. ^ The middle "Kushana" form of Brahmi is a later style that emerged as Brahmi scripts were beginning to proliferate. Gupta Brahmi was definitely a stylistic descendant from Kushana, but other Brahmi-derived scripts may have descended from earlier forms.
  2. ^ Tocharian is probably derived from the middle period "Kushana" form of Brahmi, although artifacts from that time are not plentiful enough to establish a definite succession.
  3. ^ Pyu and Old Mon are probably the precursors of the Burmese script, and may be derived from either the Pallava or Kadamba script
  4. ^ May also be derived from Devangari (see bottom left of table)
  5. ^ The Origin of Hangul from 'Phags-pa is one of limited influence, inspiring at most a few basic letter shapes. Hangul does not function as an Indic abugida.
  6. ^ Although the basic letter forms of the Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics were derived from handwritten Devanagari letters, this abugida indicates vowel sounds by rotations of the letter form, rather than the use of vowel diacritics as is standard in Indic abugidas.
  7. ^ May also be derived from Ranjana (see above)
  8. ^ Masaram Gondi acts as an Indic abugida, but its letterforms were not derived from any single precursor script.


Character encodings of Ṅa

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Most Indic scripts are encoded in the Unicode Standard, and as such the letter Ṅa in those scripts can be represented in plain text with unique codepoint. Ṅa from several modern-use scripts can also be found in legacy encodings, such as ISCII.

Character information
Preview
Unicode name DEVANAGARI LETTER NGA BENGALI LETTER NGA TAMIL LETTER NGA SINHALA LETTER KANTAJA NAASIKYAYA ORIYA LETTER NGA TELUGU LETTER NGA MALAYALAM LETTER NGA GUJARATI LETTER NGA GURMUKHI LETTER NGA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 2329 U+0919 2457 U+0999 2969 U+0B99 3486 U+0D9E 2841 U+0B19 3097 U+0C19 3353 U+0D19 2713 U+0A99 2585 U+0A19
UTF-8 224 164 153 E0 A4 99 224 166 153 E0 A6 99 224 174 153 E0 AE 99 224 182 158 E0 B6 9E 224 172 153 E0 AC 99 224 176 153 E0 B0 99 224 180 153 E0 B4 99 224 170 153 E0 AA 99 224 168 153 E0 A8 99
Numeric character reference ङ ङ ঙ ঙ ங ங ඞ ඞ ଙ ଙ ఙ ఙ ങ ങ ઙ ઙ ਙ ਙ
ISCII 183 B7 183 B7 183 B7 183 B7 183 B7 183 B7 183 B7 183 B7 183 B7


Character information
Preview
Ashoka
Kushana
Gupta
𑌙
Unicode name BRAHMI LETTER NGA SIDDHAM LETTER NGA GRANTHA LETTER NGA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 69655 U+11017 71058 U+11592 70425 U+11319
UTF-8 240 145 128 151 F0 91 80 97 240 145 150 146 F0 91 96 92 240 145 140 153 F0 91 8C 99
UTF-16 55300 56343 D804 DC17 55301 56722 D805 DD92 55300 57113 D804 DF19
Numeric character reference 𑀗 𑀗 𑖒 𑖒 𑌙 𑌙


Character information
Preview 𑨏 𑐒 𑰒 𑆕
Unicode name TIBETAN LETTER NGA TIBETAN SUBJOINED LETTER NGA PHAGS-PA LETTER NGA ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER NGA NEWA LETTER NGA BHAIKSUKI LETTER NGA SHARADA LETTER NGA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 3908 U+0F44 3988 U+0F94 43075 U+A843 72207 U+11A0F 70674 U+11412 72722 U+11C12 70037 U+11195
UTF-8 224 189 132 E0 BD 84 224 190 148 E0 BE 94 234 161 131 EA A1 83 240 145 168 143 F0 91 A8 8F 240 145 144 146 F0 91 90 92 240 145 176 146 F0 91 B0 92 240 145 134 149 F0 91 86 95
UTF-16 3908 0F44 3988 0F94 43075 A843 55302 56847 D806 DE0F 55301 56338 D805 DC12 55303 56338 D807 DC12 55300 56725 D804 DD95
Numeric character reference ང ང ྔ ྔ ꡃ ꡃ 𑨏 𑨏 𑐒 𑐒 𑰒 𑰒 𑆕 𑆕


Character information
Preview
Unicode name NEW TAI LUE LETTER LOW NGA NEW TAI LUE LETTER HIGH NGA NEW TAI LUE LETTER FINAL NG
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 6535 U+1987 6532 U+1984 6594 U+19C2
UTF-8 225 166 135 E1 A6 87 225 166 132 E1 A6 84 225 167 130 E1 A7 82
Numeric character reference ᦇ ᦇ ᦄ ᦄ ᧂ ᧂ
  • See further below for Burmese and Tai Tham codepoints.


Character information
Preview
Unicode name KHMER LETTER NGO LAO LETTER NGO THAI CHARACTER NGO NGU TAI VIET LETTER HIGH NGO TAI VIET LETTER LOW NGO
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 6020 U+1784 3719 U+0E87 3591 U+0E07 43657 U+AA89 43656 U+AA88
UTF-8 225 158 132 E1 9E 84 224 186 135 E0 BA 87 224 184 135 E0 B8 87 234 170 137 EA AA 89 234 170 136 EA AA 88
Numeric character reference ង ង ງ ງ ง ง ꪉ ꪉ ꪈ ꪈ


Character information
Preview 𑄋 𑜂 𑤐
Unicode name KANNADA LETTER NGA KAYAH LI LETTER NGA CHAKMA LETTER NGAA TAI LE LETTER NGA AHOM LETTER NGA DIVES AKURU LETTER NGA SAURASHTRA LETTER NGA CHAM LETTER NGA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 3225 U+0C99 43277 U+A90D 69899 U+1110B 6482 U+1952 71426 U+11702 71952 U+11910 43158 U+A896 43531 U+AA0B
UTF-8 224 178 153 E0 B2 99 234 164 141 EA A4 8D 240 145 132 139 F0 91 84 8B 225 165 146 E1 A5 92 240 145 156 130 F0 91 9C 82 240 145 164 144 F0 91 A4 90 234 162 150 EA A2 96 234 168 139 EA A8 8B
UTF-16 3225 0C99 43277 A90D 55300 56587 D804 DD0B 6482 1952 55301 57090 D805 DF02 55302 56592 D806 DD10 43158 A896 43531 AA0B
Numeric character reference ಙ ಙ ꤍ ꤍ 𑄋 𑄋 ᥒ ᥒ 𑜂 𑜂 𑤐 𑤐 ꢖ ꢖ ꨋ ꨋ


Character information
Preview 𑘒 𑦲 𑩠 𑶄
Unicode name MODI LETTER NGA NANDINAGARI LETTER NGA SOYOMBO LETTER NGA GUNJALA GONDI LETTER NGA KAITHI LETTER NGA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 71186 U+11612 72114 U+119B2 72288 U+11A60 73092 U+11D84 69777 U+11091
UTF-8 240 145 152 146 F0 91 98 92 240 145 166 178 F0 91 A6 B2 240 145 169 160 F0 91 A9 A0 240 145 182 132 F0 91 B6 84 240 145 130 145 F0 91 82 91
UTF-16 55301 56850 D805 DE12 55302 56754 D806 DDB2 55302 56928 D806 DE60 55303 56708 D807 DD84 55300 56465 D804 DC91
Numeric character reference 𑘒 𑘒 𑦲 𑦲 𑩠 𑩠 𑶄 𑶄 𑂑 𑂑


Character information
Preview 𑒓 𑱵
Unicode name TIRHUTA LETTER NGA LEPCHA LETTER NGA LIMBU LETTER NGA MEETEI MAYEK LETTER NGOU LONSUM MARCHEN LETTER NGA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 70803 U+11493 7173 U+1C05 6405 U+1905 44001 U+ABE1 72821 U+11C75
UTF-8 240 145 146 147 F0 91 92 93 225 176 133 E1 B0 85 225 164 133 E1 A4 85 234 175 161 EA AF A1 240 145 177 181 F0 91 B1 B5
UTF-16 55301 56467 D805 DC93 7173 1C05 6405 1905 44001 ABE1 55303 56437 D807 DC75
Numeric character reference 𑒓 𑒓 ᰅ ᰅ ᤅ ᤅ ꯡ ꯡ 𑱵 𑱵


Character information
Preview 𑚎 𑠎 𑈍 𑊿
Unicode name TAKRI LETTER NGA DOGRA LETTER NGA KHOJKI LETTER NGA KHUDAWADI LETTER NGA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 71310 U+1168E 71694 U+1180E 70157 U+1120D 70335 U+112BF
UTF-8 240 145 154 142 F0 91 9A 8E 240 145 160 142 F0 91 A0 8E 240 145 136 141 F0 91 88 8D 240 145 138 191 F0 91 8A BF
UTF-16 55301 56974 D805 DE8E 55302 56334 D806 DC0E 55300 56845 D804 DE0D 55300 57023 D804 DEBF
Numeric character reference 𑚎 𑚎 𑠎 𑠎 𑈍 𑈍 𑊿 𑊿


Character information
Preview 𑻢
Unicode name BALINESE LETTER NGA BATAK LETTER NGA BUGINESE LETTER NGA JAVANESE LETTER NGA MAKASAR LETTER NGA REJANG LETTER NGA SUNDANESE LETTER NGA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 6935 U+1B17 7133 U+1BDD 6658 U+1A02 43412 U+A994 73442 U+11EE2 43314 U+A932 7053 U+1B8D
UTF-8 225 172 151 E1 AC 97 225 175 157 E1 AF 9D 225 168 130 E1 A8 82 234 166 148 EA A6 94 240 145 187 162 F0 91 BB A2 234 164 178 EA A4 B2 225 174 141 E1 AE 8D
UTF-16 6935 1B17 7133 1BDD 6658 1A02 43412 A994 55303 57058 D807 DEE2 43314 A932 7053 1B8D
Numeric character reference ᬗ ᬗ ᯝ ᯝ ᨂ ᨂ ꦔ ꦔ 𑻢 𑻢 ꤲ ꤲ ᮍ ᮍ


Character information
Preview 𑴐
Unicode name TAGALOG LETTER NGA TAGBANWA LETTER NGA BUHID LETTER NGA HANUNOO LETTER NGA MASARAM GONDI LETTER NGA
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 5893 U+1705 5989 U+1765 5957 U+1745 5925 U+1725 72976 U+11D10
UTF-8 225 156 133 E1 9C 85 225 157 165 E1 9D A5 225 157 133 E1 9D 85 225 156 165 E1 9C A5 240 145 180 144 F0 91 B4 90
UTF-16 5893 1705 5989 1765 5957 1745 5925 1725 55303 56592 D807 DD10
Numeric character reference ᜅ ᜅ ᝥ ᝥ ᝅ ᝅ ᜥ ᜥ 𑴐 𑴐



Character information
Preview င်္
Unicode name MYANMAR LETTER NGA Myanmar superscript NGA TAI THAM LETTER NGA TAI THAM CONSONANT SIGN FINAL NGA TAI THAM SIGN MAI KANG LAI
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 4100 U+1004 4100 4154 4153 U+1004+103A+1039 6694 U+1A26 6745 U+1A59 6744 U+1A58
UTF-8 225 128 132 E1 80 84 225 128 132 225 128 186 225 128 185 E1 80 84 E1 80 BA E1 80 B9 225 168 166 E1 A8 A6 225 169 153 E1 A9 99 225 169 152 E1 A9 98
Numeric character reference င င င်္ င်္ ᨦ ᨦ ᩙ ᩙ ᩘ ᩘ

References

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  1. ^ Ifrah, Georges (2000). The Universal History of Numbers. From Prehistory to the Invention of the Computer. New York: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 447–450. ISBN 0-471-39340-1.
  2. ^ Evolutionary chart, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal Vol 7, 1838 [1]
  3. ^ Pall, Peeter. "Microsoft Word - kblhi2" (PDF). Eesti Keele Instituudi kohanimeandmed. Eesti Keele Instituudi kohanimeandmed. Retrieved 19 June 2020.
  4. ^ "The Bengali Alphabet" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-09-28.
  • Kurt Elfering: Die Mathematik des Aryabhata I. Text, Übersetzung aus dem Sanskrit und Kommentar. Wilhelm Fink Verlag, München, 1975, ISBN 3-7705-1326-6
  • Georges Ifrah: The Universal History of Numbers. From Prehistory to the Invention of the Computer. John Wiley & Sons, New York, 2000, ISBN 0-471-39340-1.
  • B. L. van der Waerden: Erwachende Wissenschaft. Ägyptische, babylonische und griechische Mathematik. Birkhäuser-Verlag, Basel Stuttgart, 1966, ISBN 3-7643-0399-9
  • Fleet, J. F. (January 1911). "Aryabhata's System of Expressing Numbers". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. 43: 109–126. doi:10.1017/S0035869X00040995. ISSN 0035-869X. JSTOR 25189823.
  • Fleet, J. F. (1911). "Aryabhata's System of Expressing Numbers". The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. 43. Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland: 109–126. doi:10.1017/S0035869X00040995. JSTOR 25189823.
^note Conjuncts are identified by IAST transliteration, except aspirated consonants are indicated with a superscript "h" to distinguish from an unaspirated cononant + Ha, and the use of the IPA "ŋ" and "ʃ" instead of the less dinstinctive "ṅ" and "ś".