Strikethrough

Strikethrough, or strikeout, is a typographical presentation of words with a horizontal line through their center, resulting in text like this, sometimes an X or a forward slash is typed over the top instead of using a horizontal line.^[1] Strike-through was used in medieval manuscripts. Contrary to censored or sanitized (redacted) texts, the words remain readable.

Uses

Marking errors

Strikethrough is primarily used to mark text that is mistaken or to be removed.^[a]

Track Changes

Deleted words are highlighted by track changes tools in electronic documents.

Highlighting

In medieval manuscripts such as the Domesday Book, "strikethrough" of text with red ink often functions as highlighting similar to modern underline.^[3]

Computer representations

Word Processors

Wordstar had strikeout in v3.0 in 1982; however, the functionality may have been in earlier versions.^[4] Wordstar was launched in 1978, it dominated the personal computer market as the most popular word processing program until 1985 when Wordperfect took that role. All word processors with functionality beyond basic editing include strikeout; though it is now called strikethrough in most.

HTML

The HTML presentational inline element for strikethrough is <strike> or <s>. This element was, however, deprecated in the 1999 HTML 4.01 standard, and replaced by the <del> tag, a semantic element representing deleted text, which user agents (typically web browsers) often render as a strikethrough.^[5]^[6]

In the HTML5 draft, there is no presentational element for strikethrough. However, there are two related semantic elements. Firstly, <s>, that is strikethrough in HTML 3 and 4, is redefined to mark text that is no longer correct, and secondly, <del> marks text that has been deleted, as it does in HTML 4.01.^[7]^[8]

Other markup symbols

BB Code is a markup language used on many web forums. The BB Code for strikethrough is [s] or [strike]. To end strikethrough when using [s], type [/s] (ex. [s]Birb[/s]).
GitHub flavored Markdown uses double tilde ~~ to wrap around text for strikethrough.^[9]
By surrounding text in Google Chat or WhatsApp with the ~ (tilde) character, text will be struck out.^[10]

CSS

In cascading style sheets (CSS) strikethrough is controlled using the text-decoration property, and specified by the line-through value of that property. For example, <span style="text-decoration: line-through;">ABCD efghi</span> renders like this: ABCD efghi

To maintain backwards compatibility, the following can be added to the CSS: strike {text-decoration:line-through;} The example above could then be written like this: <strike>ABCD efghi</strike>, which is compatible with HTML 4. In HTML 5, this: <del>ABCD efghi</del> also produces the same result, although the use of CSS is preferred^{[citation needed]} and the del tag carries a semantic interpretation not present in the purely stylistic s and strike tags.

Unicode

Combining characters

In plain text scenarios where markup cannot be used, Unicode offers a number of combining characters that achieve similar effects.

The "combining long stroke overlay" (U+0336) results in a stroke across the text (may or may not be unbroken depending on the typeface used):

A̶B̶C̶D̶ ̶e̶f̶g̶h̶i̶

while the "combining short stroke overlay" (U+0335) results in individually struck out characters:

A̵B̵C̵D̵ ̵e̵f̵g̵h̵i̵

Similarly, the "combining short solidus overlay" (U+0337) results in diagonally struck out letters:

A̷B̷C̷D̷ ̷e̷f̷g̷h̷i̷

as does the "combining long solidus overlay" (U+0338), which produces longer diagonal strokes:

A̸B̸C̸D̸ ̸e̸f̸g̸h̸i̸

Specific struck-through characters

A number of characters that have the visual appearance of struck-through characters exist in Unicode, including ⟨ƀ⟩, ⟨Đ⟩, ⟨Ð⟩, ⟨Ǥ⟩, ⟨Ħ⟩, ⟨Ɨ⟩, ⟨Ɉ⟩, ⟨Ł⟩, ⟨Ɵ⟩, ⟨ꝵ⟩, ⟨Ŧ⟩, ⟨Ʉ⟩, ⟨Ƶ⟩, ⟨ƻ⟩, ⟨ʡ⟩, ⟨ʢ⟩, ⟨Ғ⟩, ⟨Ҟ⟩, ⟨Ұ⟩, and ⟨Ҍ⟩. These usually have specific functions (for example, in the Latin Extended-A character set) or representations and are not intended for general use. However, they are not precomposed characters and have neither canonical nor compatibility decompositions. This issue has created security considerations since "precomposed" characters like U+019F and sequences like U+004F U+0335 or U+004F U+0336 often cause visual confusion (compare ⟨Ɵ⟩, ⟨O̵⟩ and ⟨O̶⟩). Unicode has acknowledged this issue and has proposed a standardized method for counteraction.^[11]^[12]

For slashed letters in an orthography, unitary letters are provided by Unicode. The diacritics are used in generic applications, such as math operators which systematically use the solidus overlay to indicate negation.

Double/multiple strikethrough

Double strikethrough is an option in certain word processing applications. It is also in spreadsheets, presentation programs, and graphics programs in certain office suites such as Collabora Online and LibreOffice. There is no generally agreed meaning of double strikethrough, but it may be used as a second level of single strikethrough.

In Japan, double strikethrough is conventionally used (rather than single strikethrough) when striking out text. This is for added clarity, as in complex kanji a single strikethrough may be missed or confused with a stroke in the character.

Double, triple or multiple strikethrough may also (especially formerly) be used as a way of emphasising words.

Strikethrough using the letter X or a forward slash (/)

Strikethrough made using the letter X or a forward slash (/) instead of a horizontal line is possible in word processors, spreadsheets, presentations and graphics diagramming applications of certain office suites such as Collabora Online and LibreOffice.

Research

Since at least 2014, researchers in the area of optical character recognition have attempted to solve the problem of recognizing struck-out text in handwritten documents.^[13]^[14]

Notes

^ Historically, strikethrough was not the only or even primary way to mark errors. Errors were more commonly marked by placing dots under letters to be ignored (Latin: punctum delens).^[2]

References

^ "Strikethrough". eyemagazine. Retrieved 9 September 2024.
^ Hackett, M.B. (1970). The original statutes of Cambridge University : the text and its history (Digitally printed version, re-issue. ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge Eng. University Press. p. 185. ISBN 9780521070768.
^ See, e.g., this image from the British National Archives' Focus on the Domesday Book.
^ "Exploring the WordStar file format". technicallywewrite.com/. Retrieved 11 September 2024.
^ 15.2.1 Font style elements: the TT, I, B, BIG, SMALL, STRIKE, S, and U elements, HTML 4.01 Specification: Alignment, font styles, and horizontal rules, W3C. 24 December 1999.
^ 9.4 Marking document changes: The INS and DEL elements HTML 4.01 Specification: Text – Paragraphs, Lines, and Phrases, W3C. 24 December 1999.
^ 4.5.5 The s element Archived 2015-08-01 at the Wayback Machine HTML5, W3C Last Call Working Draft. 17 June 2014.
^ 4.6.2 The del element HTML5, W3C Last Call Working Draft 17 June 2014
^ "GitHub Flavored Markdown".
^ "Add formatting to your Google Chat messages - Computer - Google Chat Help". support.google.com. Retrieved 1 March 2024.
^ The Unicode Consortium, The Unicode Standard, Chapter 2, Page 44, Non-decomposition of Overlaid Diacritics
^ The Unicode Consortium, Unicode Technical Standard #39: Unicode Security Mechanisms, chapter Confusable Detection
^ Adak, Chandranath; Chaudhuri, Bidyut B. (2014). "An Approach of Strike-Through Text Identification from Handwritten Documents". 2014 14th International Conference on Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition. pp. 643–648. doi:10.1109/ICFHR.2014.113. ISBN 978-1-4799-4334-0. S2CID 5364504.
^ Chaudhuri, Bidyut B.; Adak, Chandranath (2017). "An approach for detecting and cleaning of struck-out handwritten text". Pattern Recognition. 61: 282–294. Bibcode:2017PatRe..61..282C. doi:10.1016/j.patcog.2016.07.032.

[3] Historically, strikethrough was not the only or even primary way to mark errors. Errors were more commonly marked by placing dots under letters to be ignored (Latin: punctum delens).^[2]

[1] "Strikethrough". eyemagazine. Retrieved 9 September 2024.

[2] Hackett, M.B. (1970). The original statutes of Cambridge University : the text and its history (Digitally printed version, re-issue. ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge Eng. University Press. p. 185. ISBN 9780521070768.

[4] See, e.g., this image from the British National Archives' Focus on the Domesday Book.

[5] "Exploring the WordStar file format". technicallywewrite.com/. Retrieved 11 September 2024.

[w3cstrike-6] 15.2.1 Font style elements: the TT, I, B, BIG, SMALL, STRIKE, S, and U elements, HTML 4.01 Specification: Alignment, font styles, and horizontal rules, W3C. 24 December 1999.

[w3cdel4-7] 9.4 Marking document changes: The INS and DEL elements HTML 4.01 Specification: Text – Paragraphs, Lines, and Phrases, W3C. 24 December 1999.

[w3cs-8] 4.5.5 The s element Archived 2015-08-01 at the Wayback Machine HTML5, W3C Last Call Working Draft. 17 June 2014.

[w3cdel5-9] 4.6.2 The del element HTML5, W3C Last Call Working Draft 17 June 2014

[10] "GitHub Flavored Markdown".

[11] "Add formatting to your Google Chat messages - Computer - Google Chat Help". support.google.com. Retrieved 1 March 2024.

[12] The Unicode Consortium, The Unicode Standard, Chapter 2, Page 44, Non-decomposition of Overlaid Diacritics

[13] The Unicode Consortium, Unicode Technical Standard #39: Unicode Security Mechanisms, chapter Confusable Detection

[14] Adak, Chandranath; Chaudhuri, Bidyut B. (2014). "An Approach of Strike-Through Text Identification from Handwritten Documents". 2014 14th International Conference on Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition. pp. 643–648. doi:10.1109/ICFHR.2014.113. ISBN 978-1-4799-4334-0. S2CID 5364504.

[15] Chaudhuri, Bidyut B.; Adak, Chandranath (2017). "An approach for detecting and cleaning of struck-out handwritten text". Pattern Recognition. 61: 282–294. Bibcode:2017PatRe..61..282C. doi:10.1016/j.patcog.2016.07.032.

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